Proteins

Question 1

Protein are made up of…

Answer 1

carbon, oxyen, nitrogen, hydroen, sulfur, and phosphorus

Question 2

do animals have a protein req?

Answer 2

no, just an amino acid requirement

Question 3

What structure has biologic activity with true food allergy?

Answer 3

tertiary. this structure looks foreign to the bdy and makes an antibdy to it. Protein hydrolysate via enzyme bacteria is used to make the immune system not recognize it.

Question 4

What are simple proteins

Answer 4

fibrous (collagen, elastin and keratin)

globular (enzymes, homones, antibodies)

Question 5

what are conjugated proteins

Answer 5

Glycoproteins (protein with a carbohydrate)
	food allergens
Lipoproteins (protein w a lipid)
	chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL,HDL
Metalloproteins (protein w a metal)
	hemoglobin, cytochromes, caseins

Question 6

What are some nitrogen containing protein compounds

Answer 6

urea and ammonia

Question 7

how much protein in each area of the body

Answer 7

33% in muscle
37% in body fluids
20% in bone and cartilage
10% in skin

Question 8

what are the functions of proteins

Answer 8

structural (collagen, elastin, actin/myosin, keratin)
blood proteins (hemoglobin, transferrin, albumin, globulin)
energy (gluconeogenesis)
other-enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Question 9

Where are proteins digested ??

Answer 9

Dogs and cats: stomach: by pepsin(meats) and HCL
small int.: pancreatic enzymes-trypsin chymotripsin,
and carboxypeptidases
brush border enzymes
4 diff amino aacid carrier systems
Ruminants: Abomasum: HCL

Question 10

What enzymes break down proteins

Answer 10

pepsin (from pepsinogen and HCL and pepsin)
Rennin (from chymosinogen)
Trypsin (from trysinogen)
chymmotrypsin (chymotrypsinogen)
Elastase (from pro-elastse)
Carboxypep A (from procarboxypep. A)
Carboxypep B (from procarboxypep B)

Question 11

What is Rennin

Answer 11

comes from Rennet: is a natural complex ofenzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mothers milk
another name for rennin is chymosin
coagulates milkcausing it to seperate into curds and whey
used to coagulate milk in the making of cheese

Question 12

Membrane bound peptidases

Answer 12

apical membrane of mucosal cells
hydrolyze peptide products of luminal phase
in the small int. produce free amino acids, di and tripeptides
for absorption

Question 13

Absorption of free amino acids is

Answer 13

sodium dependant
there are co transport systems for aa in neutral, acidic, or basic aa.
sodium amino co transport system for absorption of proline and hydroxyproline.

Question 14

Absorptino of di and tri peptides are done by

Answer 14

transported across apical membranes and are converted to free amino acids

Question 15

how does ruminant digestion work/? whatisthe fate of a dietary protein or non protein nitrogen

Answer 15

1. Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) escape rumen digestion in the abomasum
2. microbial fermentation of protein and NPN
3. fermentation of ruminal nitrogen is converted to bacterial protein in the abomasum
4. ammonia is converted to urea in the liver and is recycled back into the rumen via saliva or excreted by the kidneys
5. abomasal protein is made , it is a mixture ofmicrobial protien and RUP

Question 16

Proteins are broken down into amino acids, then delivered to the liver what does the liver send out?

Answer 16

1. serum proteins
2. amino acids
3. tissue (kerratin, collagen, and elastin)
4. blood cell production
5. antibodies and hormones
6. Urea – to make energy or kidneys to make urine
   this is a loss of ammonia

Question 17

cats have a very active ___ cycle

Answer 17

urea cycle.
because ammonia is very toxic and must be converted
gluconeogenesis makes lots of ammonia

Question 18

what amino acid is highly essential for cats?

Answer 18

argenine

Question 19

What is protein turnover of metabolism

Answer 19

A continuous process of releasing amino acids from muscle and putting the back in.
muscle and plasma proteins have long life
nitrogen is lost–but there is a balance bw nitrogen consumed and nitrogen lost

Question 20

What is crude protein

Answer 20

Apparent = crude protein - fecal protein

True = crude protein - illial protein (use a tube to sample through)

sulfuric acid + whole food –digest– = nitrogen determination x 16%= crude protein of the diet

Question 21

what affects the amount of protein which must be fed to the patient?

Answer 21

quality.

higher quality protein means a lower dietary protein level needed

Question 22

What are the dietary essential amino acids

Answer 22

methionine, arginine, tryptophan, threonin, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine,phenylalanine, taurine

Question 23

How are protein requirements calculated?

Answer 23

from the amino acid requirement converted to nitrogen requirement n expressed as protein requirement.
this is about 50% of essential aa
and 50 % non essential aa

Question 24

amino acid requirement will tell

Answer 24

how much protein.
depends on life stage, essential amino acids and extras for non essential, the exact amino acid req is not knwn for every disease state.

Question 25

Can you have a toxic amount of amino acids

Answer 25

no notwith animal and plant protein sources