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Nutrition > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diff bw fats, oils and crude fat

A

fats: solid at room temp
oils: liquid at room temp
crude fat: ether exract of a food

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2
Q

What are the functions of facilitative Lipids

A 
add palatability and texture
provide calories
stores as energy
promotes fat soluble vitamin absorption
many are saturated and monounsaturated
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3
Q

what is the function of functional lipids

A

cell regulation and metabolism
essential: linoleic acid and a-linoleic acid
conditionally essential: arachidonic acid (cats), docosahenoic acid(neonate), derived from EFAs
other functional fats

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4
Q

wht are the 4 structures

A
  1. short chain fatty acids
  2. MCT (medium chain triglycerides)8-12 carbon molecules
  3. long chain fatty acids
  4. PolyUnsaturated fatty acids
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5
Q

triacylglyerols are synthesized then…

A

stored as fat.

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6
Q

How are PUFAs named

A

By the double bonds (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsat)

By position of first double bond (n-3, n-6, n-9)

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7
Q

polyunsaturated lipids are more susceptable to

A

oxidation

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8
Q

How are lipids made in mammals

A

glucose and or amino acids are converted to acetyl coA then to saturated fatty acids (16 & 18 carbon)
desaturated to form monounsaturated fa of the n7 and n9 fa
enzymes are active when consuming low fat and high protein diets like herbavores
limited enzyme activity when consuming high fat diets like cats and dogs (directly use and store fa)

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9
Q

how are PUFAs made

A

elongation and desaturation of the n-6 pufa,linoleic acid and then-3 pufa, a-linolenic acid.
EPA and aracadonic acid are in the lipid bilayer of cell membrane and make inflammatory mediators

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10
Q

Linoleic Acid is needed in all animals and are found where?

A

in phospholipid ceramides
extruded fromepidermal keratinocytes as intercelluar lamellar granules. They enhance cell adhesion and make a water barrier to the epidermis.
with out this = dry flaky skin

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11
Q

what are the canine essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid
a-linolenic acid (needed to make EPA)
mammals lack enzymes that insert double bonds before carbon 9
n-3 and n-6 PUFA can be elongated and desaturated

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12
Q

what are essential fatty acids for felines

A 
Linoleic acid 
arachidonic acid 
Eicosaphentaenoi acid (EPA)
and possibly a-linolenic acid
	cats reduced 6desaturase levels make the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid and a-linolenic acid to EPA difficult
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13
Q

What are sources of omega 6s or n-6 PUFAs

A 
corn oil
cottonseed oil
peanut oil
safflower oil
sunflower oil
olive oil
soybean oil
canola oil
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14
Q

what are sources of omega 3s or n-3 PUFAs

A

fishoil (needed to make myelin)
flaxseed oil (linseed)– linolenic acid
canola oil – linolenic acid
soybean oil—linolenic acid

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15
Q

sources of energy and for the solubility of fat soluble vitamins

A 
phospholipids
monoglycerides
non-esterfied fa
triacylglyceride and triglycerides
cholesterol
cholesterol esters
fat soluble vitamins
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16
Q

What does the stomach do to digest fat

A

emulsification

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17
Q

What does the duodenum do to digest fats

A

make lipid mycelles that are more water soluble with more surface area

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18
Q

What does the jejunem do for digestion of fat

A

enzymes attach to mycelles with coenzyme lipase

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19
Q

what digestion of fats is done in the ileum

A

lipids absorbed in the jejunem and duodenum. Enterohepatic circulation, bile acids are resorbed.

20
Q

where does the lipase attach on the bile acids of the micelle

A

to the OH group

21
Q

Where is the cleavage located for pancreatic lipase

A

1&3 carbon bonds of fatty acid

22
Q

gastric liase, bile salts, pancreatic lipase, and colipase break down what

A

TAG into MAG and NEFA

23
Q

What happens in the enterocytes

A

absorption and AG reformed. CM is formed. TAG(triacylglyceride) is put into chylomicron. Makes lipoproteins for the lymphatic system

24
Q

Chylomicrons metabolized are

A

stored as fat in peripheral tissue andnot modify them.
broken down by lipoprotein lipase and stored in triacylglycerides or made into free fatty acids from the TAG within the adipocyte (via hormone sensative lipase) or from the chylomicron itself.

25
Q

How are lipids used in the mitochondria

A

fatty acids to fatty acyl coA + carnatine= acyl carnatine
goes thru carnatine acyltransferases 1 and 2 in the mem.
+ coA regenerates carnatine to go back and acyl CoA
acyl Coa undergoes B-oxidation using e- and ox
phos. to make ATP or go into the TCA cycle

26
Q

what are MCT’s

A

8-12 carbon molecules rapidly hydrolyzed withinthe small int.
faster absorption than long chain fatty acids
portal circulation bound to albumin (bypass lymphatics but some go thru the hepatic duct)
uses hepatic unregulated b-oxidation and not
stored as fat.

27
Q

How does Ruminant digestion of lipids work

A

Rumen microbes hydrolyze TAG and galactolipids release FFA
Glycerol and galactose fermented to SCFA
microbes hydrogenate fa to a more saturated state
the rumen reduces
microbes make new fatty acids
these fa arriving in the small int are diff than the dietary fa composition

28
Q

what are the signs of fa deficiency

A

poor growth and weight gain
cutaneous changes (matted coat, scaly skin, tin discolored coat, weak cutaneous blood vessesl, increased transepidermal water loss)
Infertility and poor wound healing

29
Q

How do lipids interact with other nutrients

A

high dietary lipid intake causes an increased antioxidant protection (vitamin E)
omega 3 PUFA are more suceptable to peroxidation than omega 6.

30
Q

What is the difference between a normal diet and an omega 3 diet

A

normal: less EPA and more arachadonic acid
omega 3: more EPA and less arachadonic acid
There will bea shift in lipid membranes when on this diet but takes 8-12 weeks.

31
Q

What are the eicosanoids and how are they made

A
  1. prostaglandins (PG)
  2. thromboxanes (TX)
  3. leukotrienes (LT)
    the are made by phopholipase A2, cyclo-oxygense or lipoxygenase reaking down PUFA
32
Q

saturtated lipids have

A

no douoble bonds (palmitic acid)

33
Q

Monounsaturated have

A

one double bond (count from the omega end)

34
Q

Polyunsatuarated has

A

bond at the 6th carbon or lower (ex. linoleic acid)

35
Q

alpha linoleic acid has double bonds at

A

n3, n6 n n9

36
Q

arachidonic acid has bonds at

A

n6, n9, n12, n15

37
Q

cats cannot synthesize what PUFA

A

arachadonic acid

38
Q

what are the enzymes competed for bw n6 and n3 PUFA

A 
6desaturase, zn, mg, biotin  (cats dont hve enough of these)
elongase, pyridoxine, biotin
5desaturase, vitamin e
elongase
4desaturase, vitamin e
39
Q

what is the end result of the n3 fatty acid

A

alpha linoleic acid to Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22 carbons and has 6 double bonds

40
Q

wat is the end result ofthe n6 fa

A

cis linoleic acid to a 22 carbon PUFA with 5 double bonds

41
Q

vegetabe seed or oil sources can make

A

n3 or n6

42
Q

omega 6 are from

A

terrestrial animal sources

43
Q

omega 3 is from marine sources and makes

A

Platelets (thromboxane)
Endothelial Cells (prostacyclin)
Leukocytes (leukotriene)
less inflammation

44
Q

omega 6 makes …

A

Platlets (thromboxane A2)
endothelial cells (prostacyclin I2)
Leukocyte (leuotriene b4)
promote inflammation

45
Q

Fat is needed for

A

skin and immune function

Nutrition (16 decks)

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