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Nutrition > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ratio of C:H:O

A

1:2:1

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2
Q

Simple carbohydrate structure

A

mono,di, and oligosaccharides (3-9 units)

glucocse, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose

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3
Q

What are polysaccarides

A

more than 9 sugar units

starche,glycogen, cellulose

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4
Q

what breaks down oligosaccarides

A

alpha galactosidase (Beano)

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5
Q

What is amylose

A

a polymer of alpha glucose in the 1,4 linkage

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6
Q

Polysaccharides a-glycosidic bonds, are they soluble?

A

digestable, (simple starch and glycogen) yes they are soluble

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7
Q

Polysaccarides B-glycosidic bonds, are they digestable?

A

no, insoluble (dietary fiber)

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8
Q

What type of linkage is used in an indegestable carb

A

this is fiber,B-1,6 linkage

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9
Q

What is the function of simple sugars

A
  1. Energy (atp) from TCA cycle
  2. Body heat (digestion and metabolism) from a-1,4 linkage
  3. carbo skeleton for synthesis of non-essential amino acids
  4. excess stored as glycogen then fat
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10
Q

How do dogs and cats digest simple sugars

A

mouth-lack salvitary a-amylase
stomach-not much
small intestines-exocrine pancreatic a-amylase and brush border enzymes like the di/oligosaccharidases
Large Intestines-fermentation of undigested and unabsorbed carbs

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11
Q

Cereal grains mostly consist of …

A

starch

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12
Q

Is digestability of cereal grain high or low in dogs

A

high if cooked properly

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13
Q

How is amylose broken down

A

By amylase to mallose and maltoriose

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14
Q

what does amylopectin break down into

A

isomaltose aad limit dextrins (polymers of glucose molecules that are broken down by the brush border enzymes)

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15
Q

When are simple sugars required in dog and cat food

A

conditionally essential- pregnancy, lactation, and growth, needed for high energy needs

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates used for in pet foods

A

energy source and give structure to the food

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17
Q

where are carbs broken down

A

lactose: in the brush border of small intestines by lactase into galactose and glucose
starch: HCL in the stomach and pancreatic a-amylase(1,4 linkage)to a-dextrinase and glucoamylase(1,6 linkage) which break down into glucose
sucrose: galactose and fructose
sucrose:

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18
Q

Enzymes to break down carbs

A

lactase
glucoamylase: breaks down maltose
sucrase-isomaltase: sucrose and oligo with 8 glucose molecules with a-1,6 glycosidic bonds (a-dextrins)
trehalase: breaks trehalose

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19
Q

Ruminant dietary carbohydrates

A 
structural carbs (cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose, and lignin)
non-structural: (sugars, starches aand fructosans)
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20
Q

Ruminants undergo microbial fermentation of…

A

short chain fatty acids

21
Q

Primary enzyme absorbed in GI tract

A

dogs n cats: glucose

rum: scfa

22
Q

primary substrate for fat synthesis

A

cats n dogs: glucose

rum:acetate

23
Q

cellular demand for glucose

A

high in dogs and cats as well as ruminants

24
Q

Importance of gluconeogenesis

A

dogs and cats: important for glycerol n amino acids

rum: very important and continuous for proprionate, glycerol and amino acids

25
Q

glucose levels are finely regulated in blood by

A

insulin and glucagon. when glucagon increases insulin decreases

26
Q

glucose is made anerobically and aerobically into

A

aerobicly: atp, co2, h20, and heat
anerobically: lactate

27
Q

glucose is stored as

A

glycogen and triglycerides

28
Q

cats lack whatkind of taste buds

A

sucrose

29
Q

Cats have ___ intestinal levels of sucrase and lactase

A

low

30
Q

Are cats sugar transport systems adaptive?

A

no, if they eat a high carb meal they cant increase metabolism for it

31
Q

cats have a ___ pancreatic a-amylase production (as compared to dogs) but its inducible in the pancres

A

low

32
Q

Cats have ____ hepatic and pancreatic glucokinase activity

A

low.
post absorbtion of glucose, no neg feedback so stores as fat
rely on other 3hexokinases

33
Q

What is dietary Fiber

A

insoluable carbohydrate, complex carb, resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes, found in plants. made of b-glyc bonds

34
Q

What is Crude Fiber

A

assay developed for wood pulp measures it
required on pet feed labels
somewhat inaccurate

35
Q

What is Total Dietary Fiber

A

more accurate chemical measurement

measures soluable and insoluable fiber

36
Q

What is bacterial fiber fermentation

A

done with short chain fatty acids n gas.
butyrate, propionate and acetate.
makes energy sources for cells lining the large int.
forms an acidic environment
promote water and electrolyte absorption
influences the # and types of bacteria found in the
large int. (favors beneficial bacteria and inhibits pathogens)

37
Q

how much energy is taken from SCFA

A

bovine (colon): 70-80%
Equine (large int) 30%
Canine (larg int) less than 10%

38
Q

What are the types of soluble fiber and where are they found

A

Fibers: Pectin, Gums, mucilages, Hemicelluloses
Found: fruits and veg, oats and oat bran, legumes, psyllium husks

39
Q

what are the types of insoluble fiber and where are they found

A

Fibers: hemicelluloses, celluloses, mod. cellulose, lignin
Found: veg, cereal grains, seed coats, wheat bran

40
Q

How do rapidly ferrmented fibers work in anerobic bacteria

A

they are water soluble and turn into viscous gels
readily fermented in the sm. int.
bind to minerals (cations)
bind to digetive enzymes and get trapped in the gel
slow nutrient absorption

41
Q

How do slowly fermented fibers work

A

insoluble in water, do not form gels or bind minerals
resistant to bacterial fermentation
can’t bind to digestive enzymes
slow nutrient absoption, slow post-perangeal blood glucose spike

42
Q

what are two big fiber sources contributing to the diet

A

soy mill run and peanut hulls (NOT corn and soybean meal)

43
Q

What are the fibers used the most in pet food

A

cellulose, guar gum, pectin, psyllium husks, and beet pulp.

44
Q

regular commercial foods are usually in the ___ scale for fiber enhanced dog foods

A

low.

moderate is 15% and high is 27%

45
Q

Fiber can be used for what types of issues

A

obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia (can’t digest lipids), normalize intestinal mobility, trichobezoars (added for hairball), colitis, constipation (need soluble fiber for cat constipation)

46
Q

does crude fiber equal the total dietary fiber?

A

no.

47
Q

Depending on the fiber type and how much, can fiber be used to treat disorders?

A

yes.

48
Q

In order to select the most appropriate fiber type for a disease you must …

A

have clinical experience

49
Q

can one single fiber source do it all?

A

no.

Nutrition (16 decks)

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