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Biochemistry 2 > Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

0
Q

What are the macrominerals? (6)

A

Fe2+, Cu2+, Co, Mn, Mg2+, Ni

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1
Q

What are the microminerals? (4)

A

Na, K, SO4, PO4

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2
Q

What are organic compounds that are required in the diet for normal function but cannot be synthesized?

A

Vitamins

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3
Q

What are inorganic nutrients?

A

Minerals

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4
Q

Name the water soluble vitamins (9)

A

thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pryidoxine, folate, vitamin C, B12

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5
Q

Name the lipid soluble vitamins.

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K (they require bile for absorption)

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6
Q

Name some of the reasons for a vitamin deficiency? (7)

A

Inadequate dietary intake, absorption, use, increased requirements, excretion, loss of microbial synthesis, and drug induced loss.

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7
Q

What is required for carbonyl transfers?

A

thiamine

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8
Q

What is the active form of B1?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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9
Q

How long does it take to deplete liver stores of thiamine?

A

2 weeks

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10
Q

B2 is required for the synthesis of what two things?

A

FAD and FMN

B2 = riboflavin

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11
Q

Where is FMN formed? Where is FAD formed?

A

intestinal mucosa; liver

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12
Q

Riboflavin is a coenzyme in what type of reactions?

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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13
Q

Why might a riboflavin deficiency be observed in infants who are under phototherapy for jaundice?

A

B2 breaks down on exposure to visible light.

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14
Q

Name a few metabolic processes that require riboflavin derivatives. (3)

A

Kreb’s cycle, FA breakdown, phase 1 detox

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15
Q

What amino acid can be converted into niacin, but is very inefficient (60mg > 1mg)?

A

tryptophan

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16
Q

What is a precurcor of NAD and NADP?

A

niacin

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17
Q

NAD and NADP are coenzymes in what type of reactions?

A

Redox reactions

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18
Q

What are the four D’s associated with pellagra (rough skin)?

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, menentia, death

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19
Q

Corn based diets are associated with niacin deficiency (pellegra). The native people of the americas prepared maize with ashes from their cooking fires and thus, did not have niacin deficiency. Explain.

A

The alkalinity of the ashes make the niacin available.

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20
Q

How many steps in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to CO2 require NAD?

A

4 - glycolysis, PDH, Kreb’s (2)

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21
Q

What is the name of B3?

A

Niacin

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22
Q

Pantothenic acid is a constituent of what?

A

Coenzyme A

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23
Q

What is the name of B5?

A

pantothenic acid

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24
Q

What is the active form of B6?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

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25
Q

Where is PLP absorbed?

A

Upper GI tract

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26
Q

The major breakdown product of PLP, ____, is formed in the liver.

A

Pyridoxic acid

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27
Q

PLP is a coenzyme for enzymes that use amino acids as substrates. Name for such reactions.

A

transaminations, decarboxylations, deaminations, racemizations

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28
Q

What is a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase?

A

PLP

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29
Q

What enzyme reaction might account for peripheral neuropathy and epileptic seizures in severe vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Conversion of glutamate to GABA

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30
Q

In what type of reaction is biotin a coenzyme?

A

carboxylation reactions

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31
Q

Most of the water soluble vitamins are synthesized, at least in small quantities by intestinal bacteria. Which is synthesized this way in large quantities?

A

Biotin

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32
Q

Biotin is covalently attached to enzymes how?

A

As a prosthetic group

33
Q

What protein found in raw egg whites has a high affinity for biotin?

A

Avidin

34
Q

What do folic acid derivatives facilitate?

A

One-carbon transfers

35
Q

What are the three components of folate?

A

pteridine ring, glutamate, p-aminobenzoate

36
Q

What vitamin is especially easily destroyed by cooking?

A

folate

37
Q

What is the name of B9?

A

Folic acid

38
Q

What is the name of B7?

A

Biotin

39
Q

Folate exists in what form in food and in cells?

A

polyglutamate

40
Q

Folate exists in what form when absorbed?

A

monoglutamate

41
Q

How long can the body store folic acid?

A

4-6 months

42
Q

Folate acts as one carbon group carrier. What oxidation states can it carry?

A

Any other than CO2

43
Q

Pernicious anemia is caused by malabsorption of what vitamin?

A

B12

44
Q

What is the name of B12?

A

Cobalamin

45
Q

How many rings does B12 have and what is at the center of them?

A

3 (aka. corrin ring system) carries cobalt

46
Q

How and where is B12 absorbed?

A

In the terminal ileum with IF, which is secreted from gastric mucosa

47
Q

How does B12 get around in the serum?

A

Bound to transcobalamin or albumin

48
Q

Where is the active form of B12 prepared?

A

liver, bone marrow, reticulocytes

49
Q

What do the use of propionyl CoA and the methylation of homocysteine to methionine have in common?

A

They both require B12

50
Q

Why is B12 malabsorbed leading to pernicious anemia?

A

There is an absense of IF

51
Q

How long can stores of B12 las in a strict vegetarian?

A

3-7 years

52
Q

Which vitamin is a reducing agent and scavenger of free radicals?

A

Vitamin C

53
Q

What is the functional cofactor form of vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

54
Q

What is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the biosynthesis of collagen?

A

Vitamin C

55
Q

What vitamin is required for the synthesis of NE and EPI? (and Beta-hydroxylase)

A

Vitamin C

56
Q

What vitamin acts as an antioxidant and aids in iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

57
Q

Vitamin C is important in what conversion?

A

Cholesterol to bile acids

58
Q

Carnitine synthesis requires how many ascorbate-dependent dioxygenases?

A

2

59
Q

What structure does Vitamin C resemble?

A

Glucose

60
Q

What are the three active forms of Vitamin A?

A

Retinal, retinol, retinoic acid

61
Q

90% of Vit A is stored where?

A

liver

62
Q

What is converted to retinol in the intestinal cells?

A

Carotenoids

63
Q

What is the storage form of Vitamin A?

A

Retinol esters with fatty acids

64
Q

What is a principal role of Vitamin A

A

Absorption of light in the visual system

65
Q

What does retinoic acid act like?

A

A lipid-soluble hormone

66
Q

Beside maintenance of vision what does Vitamin A do?

A

Maintenance of reproduction, promotion of growth, and differentiation and maintenance of epithelial tissue and gene expression

67
Q

How is Vitamin A transported from the liver to its target tissue?

A

Bound to a binding protein

68
Q

What vitamin is a prohormone?

A

Vitamin D

69
Q

What is the name of Vitamin D3?

A

Cholecalciferol

70
Q

What is the name of vitamin D2?

A

Ergocalciferol

71
Q

Where is D3 synthesized and how?

A

In the deep layer of the skin in response to ultraviolet radiation (UVB rays 290-315nm)

72
Q

Cholecalciferol is hydroxylated where?

A

In the liver

73
Q

Where is 25-hydroxyVitaminD hydroxylated?

A

Kidneys

74
Q

What is the active form of Vitamin D?

A

1,25-dihydroxyVitaminD

75
Q

What vitamin is a potent regulator of Calcium metabolism?

A

D

76
Q

Active forms of vitamin D are sterol hormones that diffuse through what?

A

Plasma membranes

77
Q

What is required for Vitamin D absorption from the GI tract?

A

Bile

78
Q

What is the half-life of both 25-hydroxy- and unhydroxylated cholecalciferol?

A

30 days

79
Q

What is the half-life of 1,25-dihydroxyVitaminD

A

4-6 hours

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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