Vitamins

Question 1

Sources of Retinol

Answer 1

Fish, fish oils, butter, margarine, liver, milk

Question 2

Sources of beta-carotene

Answer 2

Carrots, tomatoes, yellow peppers, cabbage, broccoli

Question 3

Properties of vitamin A

Answer 3

Fat soluble
Destroyed by oxygen
Heat stable
Antioxidant

Question 4

Functions of vitamin A

Answer 4

Produces rhodopsin which helps eyes adapt to dim light
Maintains membranes of the nose, mouth, oesophagus and lungs
General growth and repair
Boosts immune system

Question 5

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 5

Night blindness
Inhibits growth
Rough, dry skin
Lack of mucus in the eyes

Question 6

Sources of cholecalciferol (D3)

Answer 6

Skin, fish liver oils, eggs, milk

Question 7

Sources of ergocalciferol (D2)

Answer 7

Fungi, yeast

Question 8

Properties of vitamin D

Answer 8

Fat soluble
Heat stable
Unaffected by oxygen, acids or alkalis

Question 9

Functions of vitamin D

Answer 9

Healthy bones and teeth
Absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Controls levels of calcium in the blood
Prevents bone diseases

Question 10

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 10

Dental decay
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

Question 11

Hypervitaminosis

Answer 11

Overconsumption of vitamin D can lead to excess calcium in the blood, leading to calcium deposits in the body
Thirst, vomiting, diarrhoea, mental confusion

Question 12

Properties of Vitamin E

Answer 12

Fat soluble
Heat stable
Antioxidant
Stable in acidic environments
Unstable when exposed to oxygen or light

Question 13

Functions of Vitamin E

Answer 13

Antioxidant: reduce risk of heart disease and cancer
Reduces effects of ageing
Protects red and white blood cells

Question 14

Deficiency of vitamin E

Answer 14

Eye disorders and anaemia in infants

Increase risk of lung cancer among smokers

Question 15

Sources of tocopherol

Answer 15

Wholegrain cereals
Nuts
Pulses
Olive oil
Fish
Eggs

Question 16

Sources of phylloquinone

Answer 16

Spinach
Cabbage
Peas
Cereals

Question 17

Sources of menaquinone

Answer 17

Bacteria in the intestine

Question 18

Properties of vitamin K

Answer 18

Fat soluble
Heat stable
Destroyed by UV light

Question 19

Functions of vitamin K

Answer 19

Necessary for blood clotting

Helps maintain calcium levels in bones

Question 20

Properties of vitamin C

Answer 20

Water soluble
Sharp taste
Heat unstable
Destroyed by oxidation, UV, iron, copper, zinc
Antioxidant

Question 21

Functions of vitamin C

Answer 21

Antioxidant
Formation  of collagen
Development of bones and teeth
Fight infection
Assimilation of non-haem iron

Question 22

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 22

Scurvy
Anaemia
Slower healing
Bruising and bleeding

Question 23

Properties of thiamine (B1)

Answer 23

Water soluble

Destroyed by high temperatures and alkalis

Question 24

Functions of thiamine (B1)

Answer 24

Release of energy from carbs and fats
Normal functioning of nervous system
Growth in children
General good health

Question 25

Thiamine deficiency (B1)

Answer 25

Beriberi Irritability, lack of focus, memory loss Fatigue, muscle cramps Retarded growth

Question 26

Sources of thiamine (B1)

Answer 26

``` Milk Eggs Yeast extract Meat, offal Wholegrain cereals ```

Question 27

Properties of riboflavin (B2)

Answer 27

Water soluble Sensitive to light and alkalis Unstable at high temperatures

Question 28

Functions of riboflavin (B2)

Answer 28

Release of energy from carbs, fats, protein Healthy membranes in nose and mouth Healthy skin Growth in children

Question 29

Riboflavin deficiency (B2)

Answer 29

Eye infection loss of appetite broken skin in lips and mouth enlarged red tongue

Question 30

Sources of riboflavin (B2)

Answer 30

``` Milk Eggs Yeast extract Meat, offal Dark green leafy veg ```

Question 31

Properties of pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 31

Water soluble destroyed by sunlight, oxygen Heat stable

Question 32

Functions of pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 32

Metabolism of protein and fats Healthy nervous system Production of red and white blood cells Healthy skin

Question 33

Pyridoxine deficiency (B6)

Answer 33

Anaemia | Inflammation of skin

Question 34

Sources of pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 34

Meat Fish Dark green leafy veg Oranges, bananas

Question 35

Properties of cobalamin (B12)

Answer 35

Water soluble | Heat, light, acid and alkali stable

Question 36

Functions of cobalamin (B12)

Answer 36

Manufacture of ref blood cells Metabolism of fatty acids and folic acid Formation of myelin sheaths

Question 37

Cobalamin deficiency (B12)

Answer 37

Pernicious anaemia

Question 38

Sources of cobalamin (B12)

Answer 38

``` Offal Meat Fish Eggs Milk ```

Question 39

Properties of niacin

Answer 39

Water soluble | Stable in heat and with acids and alkalis

Question 40

Functions of niacin

Answer 40

Metabolism of carbs | Promotes healthy nervous system

Question 41

Niacin deficiency

Answer 41

Pellegra

Question 42

Sources of niacin

Answer 42

Yeast Meat Dairy Wholegrain cereals

Question 43

Properties of folic acid

Answer 43

Water soluble Stable in acidic environments Affected by light and oxygen

Question 44

Functions of folate

Answer 44

Manufacture of DNA and RNA Form red blood cells Developing brain and spinal cord of foetus Protein metabolism

Question 45

Folic acid deficiency

Answer 45

Fatigue | Neural tube defects

Question 46

Sources of folic acid

Answer 46

Liver, kidney Cabbage, spinach Wholegrain cereals