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Equine Final > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

  • stored in liver and then moved to target tissue
  • if fat levels are insufficient –> vitamin absorption is impaired
  • potential for toxicity –> build up and accumulation –> calcification of soft tissues
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2
Q

Water soluble

A 
B1 = thiamin 
B2 = riboflavin
B3 = niacin
B5 = pantothenic acid
B6 = pyridoxine
B7 = biotin
B9 = folic acid
B12 
vitamin C
- excreted in urine
- don't have to be as concerned about toxicity
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3
Q

What is the major site of vitamin absorption?

A

SI

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4
Q

What is the major site of vitamin K and B production?

A

LI and cecum

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5
Q

Where is vit C produced?

A

liver

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6
Q

Where is vit D produced?

A

skin

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7
Q

What is the vitamin A conversion factor?

A

33% beta carotene –> vitamin A

  • beta cartoon isn’t toxic but vit A is
  • horses can regulate how much is converted
  • beta carotene susceptible to oxidation (increased by UV and heat) –> initial 80% loss then 6-7%/month
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8
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A
  • vision
  • maintenance of epithelial membranes
  • reproduction
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9
Q

where is most vitamin A received?

A

pasture and good quality hay

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10
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A
  • night blindness
  • excessive tear production
  • reproduction problems
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11
Q

What does vitamin toxicity result in?

A
  • lethargy
  • hair loss
  • elevated bone fragility
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12
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin A

A
  • vitamin A –> supplements and fortified feeds
  • beta carotene –> green grass, hay, coloured plants
  • content affected by species, climate, leaf to stem ratio, maturity
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13
Q

Why is vitamin A important in the performance horse?

A
  • supports mucosal integrity an immune system (exercise can alter GI tract permeability and resistance to infection)
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14
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

- made in skin

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15
Q

Vitamin D2

A

Ergocalciferol

- plant form

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16
Q

Vitamin D conversion in the liver

A

vitamin D3 + D2 –> 25-hydroxyvitamin D = calcidiol

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17
Q

Vitamin D conversion in the kidney

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D –> 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D = calcitriol = active vitamin D metabolite

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18
Q

What is the marker of vitamin D status

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol)

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19
Q

How are vitamin D requirements met?

A
  • covered with pasture access

- generally met –> small amount produced in skin, feed/supplement, pasture

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20
Q

When is vitamin D especially important?

A

young horses –> growth (0-6 months)

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21
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

soft tissue calcification –> often fatal

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22
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • stiffness

- rickets/osteoporosis

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23
Q

What’s a better source of vitamin D - hay or pasture?

A

hay

  • pasture exposed to UV
  • less in artificially dried hay
  • more leaves = more
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24
Q

What affects vitamin D stability in feed?

A

heavy metals, UV, oxygen, alkaline components

- 10-30% loss during 4-6 months of storage at room temperature

25
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A
  • antioxidant
  • protects cell membranes (by trapping peroxides)
  • DNA synthesis
  • gonad function
  • immune function
26
Q

Vitamin E body stores

A

90% in adipose, liver, muscle

  • measured through blood alpha-tocopherol levels
  • vitamin E supplementation can mask vitamin A deficiency
27
Q

When should horses be supplemented vitamin E?

A

horses with no pasture access (as amounts in hay can be low)
- amounts are variable (depending on time of harvest: younger = higher vitamin E)

28
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

relatively non-toxic

29
Q

What is the result of vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • white muscle disease in foals (Se or vitamin E) –> treated with high doses
  • tying up
  • equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy = degeneration of myelin sheath surrounding nerves
  • equine motor neuron disease
  • levels dependent on Se levels = both low –> worse symptoms
30
Q

Vitamin E dietary sources

A

Forage

  • generally high in young green plants
  • levels in hay/haylages can be very low
  • depends on growth stage, harvest time, genetic variety, processing, storage

Feed/supplements

  • highest in wheat germ + vegetable oils
  • typically low in cereal grains
  • no difference in bioavailability between forages + grains
31
Q

Effects of storage on vitamin E

A

Forages
- harvesting results in 70% loss and will continue to decrease with storage

Feed + supplements

  • synthetic form = less bioavailable compared to natural form
  • highly susceptible to processing - sensitive to oxidation, heat, moisture and grinding
  • refining oils –> relative small losses
  • addition of oils –> increased absorption
32
Q

Why do foals + weanlings have lower vitamin E levels compared to adults?

A
  • low transfer of mare’s vitamin E concentration into milk (
33
Q

Why is vitamin E important in the performance horse?

A

Higher levels of oxidative stress; higher energy (fat) = higher vitamin E requirements
- most important lipid soluble antioxidant

34
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A
  • blood coagulation
  • vascular health
  • bone health?
35
Q

What are the different forms of vitamin K?

A
  1. menaquinone = produced by gut microbes
  2. phylloquinone = synthesized by plants
  3. menadione = synthetic form
36
Q

Sources of vitamin K?

A

Forages

  • found in leafy, green plants (may be low bioavailability)
  • generally low in hay (susceptible to oxidation)

Feed + supps
-cereal grains have lower amounts than forages

37
Q

When might supplemental vitamin K be required?

A

prolonged antibiotic use or poor nutrition

38
Q

Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • impaired blood clotting
39
Q

Toxicity of vitamin K

A

not known orally but injection can cause renal damage and death

40
Q

Functions of thiamin

A
  • carb metabolism

- functions of nervous system

41
Q

Deficiency of thiamin

A
  • anorexia
  • bradychardia
  • ataxia
  • convulsions
  • neural dysfunctions
  • associated with intake of thiaminases (found in certain plants)
42
Q

Thiamin toxicity

A

not described in horses

43
Q

Sources of thiamin

A

Forages
- generally lower than grains

feeds + supps

  • high concentration in cereal grains, protein supps, grain by-products
  • highest is brewer’s and bakers yeast
44
Q

Why is thiamin important in the performance horse

A
  • elevated carb metabolism
45
Q

Function of riboflavin

A

precursor for enzymes involved in ATP synthesis and lipid metabolism

46
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

not reported in horses

- reduced protein synthesis and growth in other species

47
Q

Riboflavin toxicity

A

unlikely

48
Q

Functions of biotin

A
  • needed for enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis
  • gluconeoegenesis
  • AA metabolism
49
Q

Biotin deficiency

A
  • poor skin, coat, hoof quality in other species

- rare in horses (but could be a factor for poor hoof health)

50
Q

Biotin toxicity

A

rare

51
Q

Why is biotin important for the performance horse?

A

hoof quality and growth support

52
Q

When is folacin supplementation necessary?

A

in horses with no pasture access

53
Q

Function of vitamin C

A
  • antioxidant
  • prevents free radical damage
  • regenerates vitamin E
54
Q

Is hepatic synthesis of vitamin C sufficient to meet horse’s requirements?

A

should be

55
Q

vitamin C deficiency

A

not described in horses

56
Q

vitamin C toxicity

A
  • no symptoms in horses

- GI disturbances, allergic reactions, decreased hepatic synthesis in other species

57
Q

Why is vitamin C important in the performance horse?

A

to help deal with effects of exercise on plasma concentrations (antioxidant function)

58
Q

When would vitamin C supplementation be most beneficial?

A

During

  • hot weather
  • increased stress
  • rapid growth
  • high level performance
  • any interference with hepatic synthesis
59
Q

What vitamin supplementation would a hard working horse most benefit from and why?

A

Vit E, as it acts as a antioxidant with selenium. Oxidation from exercise generates free radicals that cause muscle damage, therefore performance horses would benefit. Vitamin E is also involved in fat metabolism, and helps hard working horses utilize fat in their diet.

Equine Final (13 decks)

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