Nutritional Related Diseases Flashcards
What is developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD) the general term for?
growth disturbances resulting from any alteration in normal bone formation
What predisposes a horse to DOD?
- genetics - rapidly growing breeds (thoroughbreds)
- exercise
- nutrition
Symptoms of DOD include?
- phystitis (growth plates don’t close properly –> inflammation)
- wobblers syndrome
- angular leg deformities (bones muscles, ligaments, tendons must grow in tandem AND they don’t..); very little muscle in horses legs to control joints and they’re carrying a lot of weight
- joint cartilage damage
What are 2 clinical symptoms of DOD?
- epiphystitis
- joint effusion
What are the nutritional causes of DOD?
- rapid growth
- excessive protein - delivers different kinds of energy, supports lean body mass but can result in rapid muscle growth that doesn’t match bone, tend, ligament
- excessive energy - growing animals should be lean, never overweight - mineral imbalances
- often inadequate amounts in high energy diets
- need to support rate of growth with adequate P, Ca, Zn, Cu levels
- Silicon has been shown to be beneficial - increases bone efficiency and decreases lameness
Nutritional solutions for DOD
Calcium:Phosphorus
- adequate amounts in diet (at the right ratio)
- help with absorption & metabolism
Copper:Zinc
- Cu stabilizes bone collagen and elastin synthesis
- Zn excess interferes with Ca absorption
- not a good idea to add individual nutrients
Nutritional recommendations for DOD
- provide high quality roughage free choice
- foals can be introduced slowly when they are 1-2 months of age
- monitor weight gain closely
- if necessary, supplement with properly balanced grain concentrate
- feed separately from mare
- try to avoid rapid growth
- concentrates = 14-18% protein and have added Ca, P, Cu, Zn (specifically designed for growing horses) –> maintenance + deposition
- start feeding 1% foals BW/day (have small stomach so divide meals into 2-3 feedings)
Recommendations regarding DOD?
- turnout as long as possible
- no strenuous forced exercise early in life
Weanling nutrition
- should be fed same type of concentrate as when they were nursing and at the same rate
- maintain steady growth and good body condition
- plain white or trace mineral say and a good clean source of water should be available free choice
What is exertional rhabdomyolysis?
Dissolution of striated muscle with exercise
- inability to contract muscles
- unable for muscle to be controlled in a rhythmic manor
- tying up, monday morning sickness
Symptoms of exertion rhabdomyolysis include?
- muscle stiffness
- lameness
- sweating
- poor performance
Causes of exertion rhabdomyolysis
- overexertion
- heat exhaustion
- dietary imbalance (high non-structural CHOs, inadequate vitamin E/Se, electrolyte imbalance)
- recurrent –> once it happens once, horse is more prone (risk factors, genetics)
What is equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM)
common to draft breeds
Symptoms include:
- lack or loss of muscle mass or conditioning (especially in the shoulder/hind quarters)
- string halts, shivers, tying up
- poor performance
- diet modifications can help
What does EPSM stand for?
equine polysaccharide storage myopathy
What puts a horse at higher risk of colic compared to other herbivores?
Limited bacteria in stomach, so can’t handle toxic compounds and are very sensitive to change
Describe positional colic
partially attributed to diet - sudden changes cause an increase in gas production –> part of colon becomes lighter –> motility within that section changes –> torsions, displacements, nephrosplenic entrapments
- may or may not require surgery
Colic: malfunction of motility
Cause: feed consistency and content, dehydration, antibiotic use –> death of microflora –> no VFA –> fermentation, biomass, pH problem
= impacts where there is a buildup of digest in usually the pelvic flexure or large colon, transverse colon and cecum
- ~40:1 are stalled:pasture = activity gets the gut moving & in the right spot!
Dietary considerations for motility problems
- large concentrate meals and starch content can influence development of colic due to reduced rates of ingest
- colic can also be due to consumption of sand –> heavy part in Dt –> impaction
- lower pH due to bacterial production of lactic acid and propionic acid –> bacteria shift –> bacterial have a lower ability to ferment fiber –> horse starts eating hay again but doesn’t have bacteria to ferment it
Recommendations for colic regarding motility
- increase meal frequency
- increase access to hay/pasture
- hay with high NDF (especially lignin) –> increase flow (insoluble fiber)
- told growth in hay may also increase relative lignin content as other fibres are degraded by fungas
Colic: abnormal absorption
cause: generally quick switch in feed or overfeeding in a single meal –> rapid fermentation of starch in hindgut –> bacterial disruptions –> dead bacteria undergo lysis –> release endotoxins –> damage colonic mucosa –> decrease water absorption of water in particular –> colic and diarrhea
Treatment for abnormal absorption colic?
fluid replacement
Dietary considerations for abnormal absorption
change feed gradually
- allows hindgut bacteria to adapt
- reduces excess gas production
- ultimately helps avoid blockage
adequate exercise
- moderate exercise stimulates blood flow and intestinal motility, minimizes gas production and/or accumulation and bloating
Overall considerations for colic prevention
maintain gut microflora by:
- consistent feeding management
- do not forget about hydration (especially when transporting)
- think about proper turnout management
- consider a pro- or prep ionic after antibiotic use
- proper training management
Complications associated with colic-
Laminitis: any inflammation of the laminae that interdigitate between the hood wall and phalange 3
- cause: endotoxemia = toxins secreted by bacteria or toxaemia; redirection of blood flow
- really bad at handling any type of toxin
- changes in cardiovascular function –> decreased or increased blood flow
- Arg is a precursor for NO = bad
Laminitis treatment
fluid therapy, NSAIDs, drugs to increase blood flow or decrease blood viscosity
Colic considerations
- parasites infect lining of cecum and colon –> inflammation and changes intestinal motility (e.g. gastric emptying, SI motility, rate of passage)
- tapeworms can cause blockages
- NOT what your horse eats but what interacts with the food your horse eats –> colic
dietary considerations for heaves
- reduce exposure to environmental contaminants (use pasture instead of hay)
- later in season –> dampness –> horses are in more –> dust/mold/less ventilation
feed pellets and wet feed/hay
- include fiber sources in pellets = beet pulp –> improve microflora –> improve gut immune function
What part of the stomach is most commonly affected by ulcers?
proximal portions
- they are’t protected by mucus
What is the cause of ulcers?
Horses stomachs constantly secrete bile –> epithelial tissue become damaged
- can be related to physical form of feed (horses like long stem forages)
- intestinal parasites
- fermentation in the stomach –> VFA –> trigger ulcerations (adds HCl)
What are some recommendations to control acid production?
- keep constant movement of feed through gut
- constant HCl –> want a constant supply of food
- increase particle size (increased SA –> more content to different pH, enzymes, bacteria)
2 causes and their type of ulcer?
- stress/high grain feeding –> more acid production
- should increase energy through fat = ulceration of non-glandular part of stomach due to increased acid production –> functional problems with glandular part of HCl secretion - the use of NSAIDs –> compromises mucosal synthesis –> ulceration of the glandular part of stomach due to compromised mucosal barrier
Symptoms of ulcers
- colic signs
- unthriftiness
- decreased athletic performance
- decreased athletic performance
- increased heart rate, respiratory rate
Treatment of ulcers
Sucralfate and H2 inhibitors
Is therapeutic treatment the right solution?
- long term implications in healthy model
- drugs used to treat things - we don’t have data about the use of therapeutic drugs in a prophylactic chronic approach
- race horses: is HCl down regulated so much that when they’re done racing they won’t have enough?
What are the pros to stabling?
- protection
- avoidance of parasites
- individual attention
- reduction in damage caused by other horses
What are the pros to paddock?
- no restriction of movement
- social contact = herd animals
- ability to express natural behaviour = flight
Management considerations
- body weight management
- rapid growth and weight gain - highly processed feeds/early weaning –> problems
- DOD - Feeding management
- feed on the floor? feed higher? what about sand paddocks?
- may have to change level of feeding depending on age
- feeding on sand = reason you’d want the hay off the ground - Genetic management
- dental management
- oral health and bacteria is in relation to the bacteria in the rest of the body
- dental manament for oral health - parasite and disease management
What is Cushing’s Disease
PPID = disease of the pars pituitary intermedia dysfunction
- more in old
- chronic and progressive neuroendocrine disease
Consequences of Cushing’s
- insulin resistance (polydipsia = drink a lot; polyuria = pee a lot)
- laminitis
- curly coat
- metabolic –> trouble maintaining BT
What is metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance?
- increases co-morbitidities = hyperlipidemia, laminitis, PPID –> more glucose –> liver –> more lipids from excess glucose –> laminitis –> PPID
What is the cause of insulin resistance?
Long term consumption of high glycemic feels and dependent on lean to fat ratio, physical activity and diet
- highly processed grains in discrete meals (a lot of starch all at once)
- differences in lean:fat = high proportion of adipose –> inflammation –> insulin resistance
- physical activity –> promotes glucose uptake from tissues (especially muscle) –> increases sensitivity
More insulin to facilitate uptake of glucose from peripheral circulation –> keeps compounding –> hyper-insulin insensitive –> increase in glucose
What is hyperlipidemia?
Excessive concentrations of lipid (TG)
- 100-500 mg/dL normal vs. 1700
- usually from mobilization of adipose, but also hyperglycaemia
- exceeds body’s capacity to oxidize lipids
Why is feed intake reduced in hyperlipidemia?
Blood high in fat/glucose/insulin = fed state hormone = body things it’s in a fed state
Treating hypelipidemia
- high fat/high fibre diet
- increases aerobic exercise
