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Equine Final > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What is protein? (R)

A

polymers of amino acids

  • usually the most expensive nutrient = so storage component = must be provided constantly
  • often a limiting factor in equine nutrition
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2
Q

What makes up the ideal protein?

A

A combination of individual amino acids

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3
Q

Essential (indispensable) amino acids (R)

A 
phenylalanine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
tryptophan
valine
arginine
threonine
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4
Q

Why is there a requirement for AAs? (R)

A
  1. growing horses are building protein (muscle)
  2. increased protein turnover
  3. all tissues are being replaced continuously
  4. all tissues contain protein (muscle, bone, skin, hair, hooves, even fat)
  5. all enzymes contain protein
  6. blood constituents contain protein
  7. some hormones contain protein
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5
Q

Where does protein absorption mainly occur?

A

small intestinal cells

  • as AA’s and dipeptides
  • dipeptide transport is more efficient than AA
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6
Q

What happens to non-protein nitrogen and protein that escapes digestion in the foregut?

A

enters hindgut where they are available for synthesis of microbial protein
- AA, NPN are used in cecum/colon to build bacterial protein OR absorbed as is in the blood + CO2 –> urea –> kidneys –> excretion

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7
Q

What is dietary NPN

A
  • most absorbed in the SI –> excreted in urine (never reaching colon/cecum)
  • little NPN is used in horse (excess is toxic)
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8
Q

Do AA from microbial protein synthesis contribute to AA pool?

A

No

- bacterial synthesis of AA - high velocity Lys transporter in colon (so horse is really only able to absorb some Lys)

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9
Q

What is protein quality dependent on? (R)

A
  1. protein content
  2. protein digestibility
  3. amino acid composition
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10
Q

What is the most labile pool of AA?

A

blood proteins

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11
Q

What is the effect of blood protein mobilization during fasting?

A

Lose strength

- performance goes before visual loss in muscle

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12
Q

What is the effect of prolonged periods of food deprivation on protein?

A

contractile proteins will be sacrificed to maintain metabolism
- immunosuppression may also occur

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13
Q

What is seen with protein deficiency

A

reduced growth, weight loss, poor performance, poor growth

Symptoms:

  • slow hair growth
  • poor hoof quality
  • decreased appetite (catabolizing protein –> breakdown products –> sick feeling)
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14
Q

What happens when protein is in excess?

A
  1. excess nitrogen
    - converted to urea
    - increased urine output
  2. Energy production
    - metabolism produces heat (protein take energy to burn as its providing energy)
    - storage of excess

3, contribution to developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD)

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15
Q

What is the major error associated with the protein digestibility calculation?

A
  • microbial/bacterial protein = reason this experiment isn’t done in ruminants
  • can feed a diet with no protein and still get protein i the faces (endogenous)
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16
Q

AA digestion

A

All show up to ribosome

  • the lowest AA controls the others = limiting AA theory (limiting in the diet NOT animal)
  • if AA is at 50% –> protein synthesis is limited

the “barrel” analogy

17
Q

Explain protein partitioning

A
  1. loss in feces
  2. loss in urine
  3. loss in skin/hair
  4. retained
18
Q

The protein needs of the horse are satisfied by?

A
  1. providing minimum levels of essential AA in diet to meet requirement
  2. provide sufficient non-essential AA and/or sufficient minerals (N) to satisfy horses needs to maintain protein balance
19
Q

In the case of protein requirements, how would maintenance be defined?

A

the ins = outs

20
Q

Protein requirements depend on?

A
  1. body weight
    - bigger = more
  2. rate of growth
    - most at weaning
  3. pregnancy
    - monstrous increase
  4. lactation
  5. exercise
    - resistance exercise or more muscled animals = more
21
Q

Dietary considerations regarding protein

A
  • grains and their by-products are often low in certain EAAs (poor quality) and may be provided in inadequate amounts
  • a wide variety of ingredients are used –> vary greatly in overall quality –> not always going to be a compliment protein
22
Q

What is the problem with measuring CP?

A

CP = measure of nitrogen, but AA are actually what’s important

23
Q

What is the relationship between protein and energy?

A

Energy goes up so should protein - this ratio is important!

24
Q

Effect of intense exercise on protein?

A

Fast contractile proteins –> way greater increase in protein –> lysine requirements

25
Q

Protein considerations for performance horses

A

Protein is needed for:

  • increased uncle mass and development
  • increased muscle protein content
  • N lost in sweat
26
Q

Protein considerations for sprint horses

A

Restricted protein, AA supplementation to reduce the acidogenic effects of exercise

when horses exercise –> lactate/lactic acid

  • low protein diet = higher pH
  • high protein –> produces more acid (so does stress of exercise)
27
Q

maintenance CP?

A

8%

28
Q

General protein feeding guidelines

A
  • observe and record condition of hair/hooves
  • have hay/forage analyzed (CP content)
  • CP% in diet can be increased by increasing overall feed intake
  • pregnant and lactating mares have substantially increased protein and energy requirements –> HIGH QUALITY

Equine Final (13 decks)

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