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Equine Final > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is fluid?

A

water, electrolytes and many other molecules (either dissolved or suspended)

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2
Q

What makes up total body water?

A

~67% lean body mass (~300L)

Extracellular fluid volume (1/3 = ~100L) = Na and Cl

Intracellular fluid volume (2/3 = ~200L) = K

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3
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

generally salts that dissolve in water

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4
Q

How much water is lost per hour of shipping during May-Sept?

A

15-20L

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5
Q

what is dehydration?

A

Loss of fluids from the body exceeds intake of fluids

- lost from intracellular or extracellular fluid

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6
Q

What are the effects of dehydration?

A

Even ~1% dehydration results in:

  • decreased mental performance
  • decreased physical performance
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7
Q

What are the signs of dehydration?

A

Larger losses contribute to

  • lack of well being
  • fatigue
  • loss of interest in activities and surroundings
  • inappetence
  • intolerance to heat stress
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8
Q

How can hydration be assessed?

A
  • skin pinch test –>longer than one second = dehydration
  • capillary refill test
  • cardiac recovery index
  • elevated plasma protein concentration
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9
Q

How and why do horses get dehydrated?

A
  • sweating rates exceed intake of water AND electrolytes
  • sweating required for thermoregulatory cooling
  • evaporation of sweat from skin cools the skin –> and blood perfusing the skin
  • eliminates heat produced by muscles
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10
Q

How efficient in conversion of chemical energy –> mechanical

A

25% –> locomotion

- 75% –> heat –> heat storage –> heat dissipation

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11
Q

Human sweat or horse sweat is more concentrated?

A

Horse

  • lose ability to retain sodium as sweating continues
  • Cl concentrations must balance K, Na, Ca, Mg –> losses very high to balance losses of all the cations
  • K concentrations higher in sweat than blood –> implies intracellular dehydration
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12
Q

What is the key to preventing heat strain?

A

minimize or prevent dehydration

  • water and electrolytes!!
  • to keep water within fluid compartments (Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca)
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13
Q

Effective electrolyte supplementation should enhance?

A
  • gastric emptying
  • intestinal absorption
  • body distribution
  • exercise performance
  • well being
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14
Q

What factors affect gastric emptying and intestinal absorption?

A
  • solution osmolarity
  • volume ingested
  • temperature of solution
  • presence of non-electrolytes
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15
Q

An effective electrolyte will?

A
  • use water to replace sweat losses
  • minerals to replace sweat losses
  • use energy source (dextrose) to promote absorption
  • increase palatability to encourage consumption
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16
Q

What should be in a good electrolyte product?

A
  • electrolytes to balance what was lost in sweat
  • dextrose (D-glucose) to enhance small intestine absorption of Na and water
  • fructose may enhance small intestine absorption of K
  • easily dissolved in water
  • NOT easily dissolved not absorbed by the intestine (e.g. magnesium carbonate)
17
Q

When buying an electrolyte the following should be considered?

A
  • cost
  • taste
  • will it be absorbed by GIT
  • ease of administration
18
Q

What is the problem with giving just water?

A
  • diluting osmolarity in ion concentrations
  • kidneys don’t like this = volume overload –> excretion –> getting rid of electrolytes –> more electrolyte depleted/dehydrated
19
Q

What are sweating rates for moderate work?

A

10L/hour

  • ~110 grams of electrolytes/10L
  • want to give enough to balance water losses from sweating
20
Q

What will happen if too much electrolytes are given?

A

if with adequate amounts of water:

  • will have no negative effect on horse’s health
  • extra will be excreted by kidneys

If not with enough water:

  • electrolytes may sit in stomach
  • further dehydrates fluid compartments
  • water moves from blood –> GIT
  • water move from cells –> blood
  • only later will water and electrolytes move from GIT back into blood/cells
  • discomfort
  • movement of water into gut from EC fluids –> extracellular dehydration
21
Q

How does a well hydrated horse perform

A
  • feels well
  • is bright and alert
  • is energetic
  • shows appetite

Equine Final (13 decks)

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