Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble

A

A, D, E, K

Accumulated stores in body. Require absorption of dietary fat & carrier system for blood transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamin A

A

Essential in photochemical basis of vision
Preformed Vit A (retinol/retinal): liver, dairy products, egg yolks, fish oil
Precursor (carotenoids e.g. beta- carotene): abundant in deep • yellow/orange & green vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vitamin A Def

A
Night blindness, xerophthalmiam Bitot's spots
Immune deficiency (measles, GI, children)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vit A Tox

A
Only preformed (cod liver oil)
Vomiting, increased ICP, HA, bone pain (periosteal proliferation), bone mineral loss (↑ fractures & ↑ osteoporosis), liver damage (hepatitis, fibrosis, liver failure); birth defects (acutane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vit D

A
Hormone. Maintains intra/extracellular Ca++
 Stimulates intestinal absorption and
renal reabsorption of Ca++ and P
Innate immune function
Cellular growth and differentiation
RDA=600 IU/d (
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vit D Metabolism

A

Precursor (dehydrocholesterol) in skin converted to cholecalciferol (Vit D3)
by UV light
 Vitamin D2 or D3 hydroxylated in
liver to 25-OH-cholecalciferol1,25- dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (calcitriol) in kidney = active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vit D Deficiency

A

Deficient: 25OH-D 30 ng/mL (>80 nmol/L)
Classic Triad in Serum: low C + low P + high alk phos (late)
Classic: Childhood ricketts. Adults osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vit D Tox

A

nephrocalcinosis & soft tissue calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vit E

A

Antioxidant

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils, wheat germ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vit E Def

A

Neurologic degeneration: with loss of reflexes (DTR’s)
hemolytic
anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vit E Tox

A

coagulopathy (very large doses inhibit Vit K dependent factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vit K

A

ssential for carboxylation of coagulation proteins (Factors “1972”X, IX, VII, II)
All newborns should receive single IM dose of 0.5-1.0 mg
Leafy vegetables, fruits, seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vit K Def

A

Prolonged coagulation times; hemorrhagic disease of newborn: bleeding into skin (purpura), GI tract, CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

B1

A

Thiamine. In metabolism. Whole grains, enriched grains, pork, legumes.
RDA: 1.1-1.2 mg/d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

B1 Deficiency

A

Beriberi, dry: peripheral neuropathy distal, wrist/foot drop.
Wet berberi: edema, high output CF
Wernicke/Korsakoff: Triad = ocular signs (nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia), ataxia, and amnesia/confusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

B1 risk groups

A

Alcoholics
Anorexia refeeding
Bariatric surgery

17
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin. Part of 2 coenzymes - FAD, FMN (Krebs & oxidative)
Liver, wheat germ, dairy the most, meats/poultry, almonds, leafy greens. (UV destroys)
RDA: 1.1-1.3 mg/d

18
Q

B2 Deficiency

A

Oral-ocular-genital syndrome   Cheilosis (cracking of lips) and angular stomatitis (sores at 
corner of mouth)
 Increased vascularization of conjunctiva and photophobia
 Seborrheic dermatitis and scrotal dermatitis.

19
Q

B3

A

Niacin. In NAD & NADP - energy. Meats, poultry, fish, peanut butter, legumes=sources of preformed niacin.
 Tryptophan is a precursor of niacinlarge amounts
of milk and eggs
RDA: 14-16 mg/d

20
Q

B3 Def

A

Pellagra - 4 Ds
Dermatitis: characteristic symmetric pattern; aggravated by sun, 
heat exposure
 Dementia - confusion, dizziness, and hallcucinations   Diarrhea
 Death

21
Q

B3 Tox

A

vasodilation & flushing

22
Q

B3 Risk

A

Corn is major source of protein.
Metabolic “shunting” (eg carcinoid tumors producing excessive serotonin and shunt tryptophan
Reaction w/ isoniazid
Hartnup disease

23
Q

Folate

A

1-carbon transfers, “Foliage” - deep green leaves, broccoli,
orange juice, whole grains (easily
destroyed w/ prolong cooking)
 Fortification of grains in U.S. in 1998 → increased intakes
RDA: 400 μg/d

24
Q

Folate Risk

A

Pregnant women, premature infants, Dilantin, sulfasalazine Chronic hemolytic anemia or blood loss

25
Folate Def
MACROcytic anemia, hypersegmented  neutrophils, glossitis  Increased plasma homocysteine;   Increased occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects
26
B12
Cobalamin. Critical in metabolism of odd chain length fatty acids  Re-form tetrahydrafolate. Animal products only! 1 carbon transfer RDA: 2.4 μg/d
27
B12 def
MACROcytic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, neurologic disturbances; Treatment with folate will correct anemia but  has NO effect on neurologic symptoms
28
B12 risk
inadequate absorption. Pernicious anemia: hereditary condition with gastric atrophy in which IF is not produced or secreted Strict vegetarian/vegan
29
B6
Pyridoxine. AA metabolism. Animal products, vegetables, whole grains RDA: 1.3-1.7 mg/day
30
Vit C
Ascorbic Acid. Antioxidant/reducing agent (electron donor)  Roles in collagen synthesis  Reduction of Fe3+ → Fe2+ leukocyte function. Fruits and vegetables. RDA: 75-90 mg/d
31
Vit C Def
Scurvy: defective collagen formation petechiae, bleeding gums, anemia, bruising;
32
B6 Def
Anemia, seizures, glossitis; +/- depression
33
B6 Tox
Doses > 500 mg/d associated with sensory ataxia, impaired position/vibratory sensation
34
B6 Risk
Primarily associated with use of Isoniazid  End-stage renal diseases,