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Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

vitamins - overview

A

*small organic molecules essential for: (1) DNA and protein synthesis; (2) enzyme & transporter function; (3) many other metabolic processes
*vitamins CANNOT be synthesized (must be acquired from the diet)

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2
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

*thiamine (B1)
*riboflavin (B2)
*niacin (B3)
*pantothenic acid (B5)
*pyridoxine (B6)
*biotin (B7)
*folic acid (B9)
*cobalamin (B12)
*ascorbate (C)

note - B vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble

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3
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

*retinol (A)
*calciferol (D)
*tocopherol (E)
*menaquinones (K)

ADEK vitamins are the fat-soluble vitamins

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4
Q

vitamin B1 - name

A

thiamine

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5
Q

vitamin B3 - name

A

niacin

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6
Q

vitamin B2 - name

A

riboflavin

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7
Q

vitamin B5 - name

A

pantothenic acid

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8
Q

vitamin B6 - name

A

pyridoxine

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9
Q

vitamin B7 - name

A

biotin

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10
Q

vitamin B9 - name

A

folic acid

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11
Q

vitamin B12 - name

A

cobalamin

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12
Q

vitamin C - name

A

ascorbate

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13
Q

vitamin A - name

A

retinol

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14
Q

vitamin D - name

A

calciferol

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15
Q

vitamin E - name

A

tocopherol

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16
Q

vitamin K - name

A

menaquinones

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17
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine) - function

A

*coenzyme for:
-pyruvate dehydrogenase
-alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
-branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
*synthesis of neurotransmitters acetylcholine and GABA

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18
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine) - sources

A

*origin = bacteria, fungi, & plants
*found in fortified breads and cereals, fish, lean meats and milk

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19
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine) - populations at risk for deficiency

A

*chronic alcoholism!
*bariatric surgery patients
*poor diet (esp. in elderly)
*orthorexia
*severe malabsorption
*short gut syndrome

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20
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine) - deficiency diseases

A

*beri-beri (wet or dry)
*Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

*marked by peripheral neurologic, cerebral, and cardiovascular abnormalities

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21
Q

Beri-Beri

A

*caused by vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
*neurologic dysfunction (dry) or neuro dysfunction + heart dysfunction (wet)
*sx: ophthalmoplegia, peripheral edema, peripheral neuropathy, +/- congestive heart failure (wet)

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22
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

*caused by vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
*sx: short-term memory loss, ataxia
*often seen in alcoholics

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23
Q

vitamin B1 (thiamine) - pharmacologic uses

A

*management of alcoholism
*post-bariatric surgery (supplementation)
*pregnancy
*total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

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24
Q

vitamin B3 (niacin) - sources

A

*dairy, poultry, fish, lean meats, nut, eggs

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25
vitamin B3 (niacin) - functions
*precursor of the coenzymes: NAD and NADP *energy metabolism, cell signaling, DNA repair
26
vitamin B3 (niacin) - deficiency disease
pellagra note - pellagra is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
27
pellagra
*vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency *sx: dermatitis, diarrhea, & dementia (the 3 D's); glossitis and cheilosis (swelling of tongue/lips)
28
vitamin B3 (niacin) - populations at risk for deficiency
*corn as main dietary staple *impoverished populations *chronic alcoholism *carcinoid syndrome
29
vitamin B3 (niacin) - pharmacologic uses
*treatment of hyperlipidemia (rarely used now) *post bariatric surgery
30
vitamin B3 (niacin) - toxicity
*cutaneous flushing, diarrhea *increased LFTs, hepatitis, glucose intolerance
31
vitamin B9 (folic acid) - sources
*beans and legumes, citrus fruits and juices, whole grains, dark green leafy vegetables, poultry, pork, shellfish, liver
32
vitamin B9 (folic acid) - functions
*cofactor in methyl group transfer reactions *critical for synthesis of DNA, glutathione, hormones, phospholipids, and neurotransmitters
33
vitamin B9 (folic acid) - deficiency diseases
*neural tube defects (in fetus) *megaloblastic anemia
34
vitamin B9 (folic acid) - populations at risk for deficiency
*severe malabsorption *drug and food antagonists *poor diet in the elderly *bariatric surgery patients
35
vitamin B9 (folic acid) - pharmacologic uses
*adequate amounts of folate BEFORE CONCEPTION and DURING PREGNANCY prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida
36
vitamin B12 (cobalamin) - sources
*synthesized only by microorganisms (product of bacterial metabolism) *naturally found in: eggs, meat, poultry, shellfish, milk and milk products *added to fortified grain products (cereals)
37
vitamin B12 (cobalamin) - functions
*cofactor in methyl group transfer reactions *critical for synthesis of DNA, glutathione, hormones, phospholipids
38
vitamin B12 (cobalamin) - deficiency diseases
*megaloblastic anemia *subacute combined degeneration (posterior columns of spinal cord; irreversible)
39
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - sources
*citrus fruits, green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli and sweet and white potatoes
40
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - function
*aqueous phase antioxidant (protects us from free radicals) *cofactor for collagen biosynthesis *facilitates dietary iron absorption (reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+) *regenerates vitamin E radicals *role in folate activation
41
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - deficiency disease
scurvy
42
scurvy
*deficiency in vitamin C (ascorbic acid) *sx: severe periodontal disease, cutaneous hemorrhage, poor wound healing
43
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - populations at risk for deficiency
*cigarette smokers *severe malnutrition, cachexia
44
fat soluble vitamins - differences from water soluble vitamins
*absorption of fat soluble vitamins requires the presence and efficient absorption of dietary fat!! *can be stored (in liver and adipose tissue) *can be toxic in excess
45
fat soluble vitamins - absorption
*solubilized in lumen in mixed micelles *packaged in chylomicrons and secreted into lymph *taken up by the liver in chylomicron remnants *secreted in plasma bound to transport proteins
46
vitamin A (retinol) - sources
*animal sources such as eggs, meat, and dairy products *produced from beta-carotene, which comes from green, leafy veggies and intensely colored fruits and veggies
47
vitamin A (retinol) - functions
*visual pigment synthesis *maintains ocular structures *transport by retinol-binding protein *bone growth & development *modulates epithelial cell function *key role in embryo development
48
vitamin A (retinol) - deficiency diseases
*keratomalacia *hyperkeratosis *night blindness
49
vitamin A (retinol) - toxicity
*teratogenic effects *hypervitaminous A syndrome *hepatotoxicity
50
vitamin A (retinol) - populations at risk for deficiency
*fat malabsorption syndromes!!! *poor diet in the elderly *some underdeveloped countries
51
vitamin D (calciferol) - sources
*the body itself makes vitamin D when it is exposed to the sun (UV-B light); we make it out of cholesterol *cheese, butter, margarine, fortified milk, fish, fortified cereals
52
vitamin D (calciferol) - physiologic actions
*gut: increased calcium and phosphorous absorption *kidney: increased distal calcium reabsorption *bone: facilitates mineralization *multiple effects on growth, cell repair, and immune function
53
vitamin D (calciferol) - deficiency diseases
*RICKETS (in children) *osteoporosis (in adults)
54
vitamin D (calciferol) - populations at risk for deficiency
*fat malabsorption syndromes! *elderly & homebound *populations in northern latitudes (less sun) *advanced kidney disease
55
vitamin D (calciferol) - toxicity
*hypercalcemia, weakness *kidney stones
56
vitamin D (calciferol) - pharmacologic use
*prevention of hypocalcemia in renal failure and after parathyroidectomy *used as an adjunct in treating osteopenia and osteoporosis
57
vitamin E (tocopherol) - sources
*corn, nuts, olives, green leafy veggies, vegetable oils, wheat germ
58
vitamin E (tocopherol) - functions
*membrane antioxidant (protects from free radicals)
59
vitamin E (tocopherol) - deficiency disease
*hemolytic anemia (rare, seen only in those with severe fat malabsorption)
60
vitamin E (tocopherol) - populations at risk for deficiency
*biliary atresia *cystic fibrosis *short bowel syndrome *severe pancreatic insufficiency *genetic abnormalities
61
vitamin K (menaquinones) - sources
*plant sources: cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, other green leafy veggies, cereals *bacterial sources also
62
vitamin K (menaquinones) - function
*liver synthesis of CLOTTING FACTORS II, VII, IX, X, prothrombin, proteins S and C *bone homestasis *reduced vitamin K is a cofactor for conversion of glutamic acid residues in target proteins to gamma glutamic acid *brain development *bone synthesis
63
vitamin K (menaquinones) - deficiency disease
*bruisability & bleeding
64
vitamin K (menaquinones) - populations at risk for deficiency
*premies & neonates *fat malabsorption syndromes *patients on chronic antibiotics (because bacteria supplement our vitamin K pool) *short bowel syndrome
65
vitamin K (menaquinones) - pharmacologic uses
*acute reversal of coumarin (warfarin) induced anticoagulation *stabilization of anticoagulation in patients taking coumarin Rx

GI Exam (54 decks)

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