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Biochem > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compound required in the diet In small amounts for maintenance of normal metabolic integrity

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

Not considered as vitamins

A

Vit D and Niacin

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3
Q

Two types of vitamins

A

Water and Fat soluble

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4
Q

Types of water soluble vitamins

A

B and Non B Complex

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5
Q

Example of Non B complex

A

Vit C

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6
Q

Types of B complex Vitamins

A

Energy-releasing: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Biotin, Pantothenic Acid

Hematopoeitic: Folic Acid, Vit B12

Others: Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine

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7
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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8
Q

Vitamin for vision and cell differentiation

A

Vit A

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9
Q

Vitamin for Calcium and Phosphate metabolism and cell Differentiation

A

Vit D

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10
Q

A fat soluble vitamin that is an oxidant

A

Vit E

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11
Q

Vitamin essential for blood clot

A

Vit K

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12
Q

A person with definciency in Vit A is prone to

A

Night blindedness and Xeropthalmia

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13
Q

A person with rickets (young) or osteomalacia (adult) has deficiency in what vitamin?

A

Vit D

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14
Q

Vit E deficiency

A

Neurologic disorders and Hemolytic Anemia

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15
Q

HDN is a deficiency in

A

Vit K

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16
Q

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is dependent on

A

Ileum, bile, pancreas

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17
Q

Toxicity is more common and affected by malabsorption syndromes

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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18
Q

What are the Malabsorption Syndromes?

A

Cystic Fibrosis
Celiac Sprue
Mineral Oil Intake

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19
Q

Forms of Vitamin A

A

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid

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20
Q

Storage form of Vit A

A

Retinyl Esters

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21
Q

Vitamin A is also known as

A

Beta carotene

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22
Q

Transport form of Vit A

A

RBP retinol binding protein

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23
Q

Vitamin A is mainly stored where? And in what specific cells?

A

Liver, Ito cells

Transported with chylomicrons

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24
Q

Vit A for regeneration of epithelium (skin and cancer)

A

Retinoic Acid

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25
Q

Two types of Retinoic Acid

A

Tretinoin: all-trans (for psoriasis)
Isotretinoin: 13-cis (for severe acne)

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26
Q

Vit A that supports gametogenesis in gonads

A

Retinol

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27
Q

Vit A that is highly teratogenic

A

Isotretinoin

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28
Q

Only vit used in trx of cancers

A

Tretinoin

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29
Q

Vit A present in rods and cone cells for vision

Function as prosthetic group of opsins

A

Retinal

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30
Q

Vit A def: lost of sensitivity to green light will lead to

A

Nyctalopia (night blindedness)

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31
Q

Vit A def that leads to corneal keratinization and ulceration

A

Xeropthalmia

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32
Q

Corneal keratinization that occurs in conjunctiva

A

Vitot’s spots

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33
Q

Vitamin a excess (hypervitaminosis A)

A 
Pseudotumor cerebru
Excessive dryness, desquamation, alopecia
Hepatomegaly
Inc fractures
Teratogenic
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34
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri (inc ICP) can be seen in patients with

A

Excess vit A

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35
Q

Other term for Vit D

A

Calciferol

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36
Q

Types of Vit D

A

Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol
Calcitrol

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37
Q

Vit D2, milk, plant sources

A

Ergo calciferol

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38
Q

Vit D3, skin, animal sources

A

Cholecalciferol

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39
Q

Precursor of Vit D

A

7 dehydrocholesterol

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40
Q

Storage form of Vit D

A

25-(OH) vit D3

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41
Q

Active form of vit D

A

1,25-(OH)2 vit D3 (calcitriol)

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42
Q

Considered as the most toxic vitamin, why?

A

Vit D

Affects the heart and kidney

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43
Q

Vit D comes from

A

Cholesterol

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44
Q

Vit D synthesis

A

Starts: skin
1st activation: Liver
2nd activation: Kidney

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45
Q

Vitamin that responds to hypocalcemia and PTH

A

Vit D

End goal: inc calcium, inc PO4

Inc intestinal abs of calcium
Inc bone resorption
Inc kidney reabsorption

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46
Q

What is the effect of Vit D in the bones at artery level

A

Bone deposition

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47
Q

Effect of Vit D in increased toxic dose

A

Bone resorption –calcium goes to bld:hypercalcemia

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48
Q

Vit D deficiency in children

A

Rickets (before growth palate closes)

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49
Q

Vit D deficiency in adult (after growth palate closes)

A

Osteomalacia

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50
Q

What causes Rickets/Osteomalacia?

A

Lack of vit D, calcium in diet
Lack of sunlight exposure
Intestinal malabsorption
Chronic Renal FailurTarget Organ resistance

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51
Q

Vitamin D excess (hypervitaminosis D)

A

Hypercalcemia
Anorexia and nausea
Thirst
Stupor

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52
Q

Other term for Vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol

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53
Q

Functions as an antioxidant in the lipid phase

A

Vitamin E

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54
Q

Protects membrane lipids from peroxidation

A

Vit E

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55
Q

Prevents oxidation of LDL therefore improving blood flow (dec atherogenesis)

A

Vit E

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56
Q

Condition in which dietary deficiency among humans is actually unknown

A

Vitamin E deficiency

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57
Q

Vitamin excess (least toxic vitamin)

A

Vitamin E

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58
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Rbc fragility leading to HA
Neurologic dysfxn (neuropathy)
Muscle Membrane Damage

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59
Q

Types of vit K

A

Phylloquinone: K1: green veggies
Menaquinome: K2: intestinal bact
Menadione: synthetic

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60
Q

Type of vitamin k found in green vegetablea

A

Vit K1 - Phylloquinone

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61
Q

Vitamin K found in Intestinal Bacteria

A

Vit K2: menaquinone

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62
Q

Synthetic type of Vitamin K

A

Menadione

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63
Q

Vitamin K1 is also known as

A

Phylloquinone

64
Q

Menaquinone is also known as

A

Vitamin K2

65
Q

Functions for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many calcium-binding proteins

A

Vitamin K

66
Q

Vitamin k dependent calcium binding proteins

A 
Coag factors (2,7,9,10)
Protein C and S
67
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin is rare because it can be produced by bacterianin the GIT

A

Vitamin k deficiency

68
Q

In HDN, presents as bleeding (including intracranial bleeds)

A

Vitamin K deficiency

69
Q

Neonates are at risk because of sterile GIT and low content in breastmilk

A

Vit K deficiency

70
Q

Vit K excess presents as

A

Jaundice + hemolytic anemia

71
Q

Antidote for Heparin

A

Protamine Sulfate

72
Q

Heparin is given

A

Intravenously

73
Q

Warfarin and coumadin is given

A

Orally

74
Q

Vit K and FFP is the antidote for

A

Warfarin

75
Q

Inhibits vit k dependent coagulation factors

A

Warfarin

76
Q

Vit B1

A

Thiamine

77
Q

Riboflavin

A

Vit B2

78
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

79
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

B5

80
Q

Vit B6

A

Pyridoxine (Pyridoxal phosphate)

81
Q

Cobalamin

A

Vit B12

82
Q

Vit B1 deficiency

A

Beri beri

83
Q

Riboflavin def

A

Chellosis
Glossitis
Seborrhea

84
Q

Vitamin B3 def

A

Pellagra

85
Q

Cobalamin deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Methylmalonic aciduria
Pernicious anemia

86
Q

Scurvy is a deficiency in

A

Vitamin C

87
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia

88
Q

Excess water soluble vitamins wash out of the body in urine except

A

Vitamin B3, B6, B12

89
Q

Active form of Vit B1

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

90
Q

Used as cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched chain AA dehydrogenase

A

Thiamine

91
Q

Transketolase rxns in the HMP shunt

A

Thiamine

92
Q

Vit B1 def

A

Beri beri

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

93
Q

Types of beri beri

A

Dry = no heart failure, symmetrical muscle wasting

Wet = with heart failure, high output cardiac failure, edema

94
Q

Manifestations of wernicke encephalopathy

A

ACO
Ataxia
Confusion
Opthalmoplegia

95
Q

Manifestations of Korsakoff Psychosis

A

CHA
Confabulation
Hallucination
Amnesia

96
Q

FAD and FMN is the active form of

A

Riboflavin

97
Q

FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

98
Q

FMN

A

Flavin mononucleotide

99
Q

Used as cofactors in redox rxns and electron carrier

A

Riboflavin, Niacin

100
Q

Has intense yellow color: used as food preservative

A

Riboflavin

101
Q

Primary source of riboflavin

A

Milk

102
Q

Vit B2 deficiency

A 
No def state, but with s/sx:
Stomatitis
Chellosis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Corneal vascularization
103
Q

Active form of niacin

A

NAD and NADP

104
Q

Source of ADP- Ribose: for proteins and nucleoproteins in DNA repair

A

Niacin

105
Q

May be derived from Tryptophan using vitamin B6

A

Niacin

106
Q

Niacin may be derived from tryptophan using what?

A

Vit B6

107
Q

To what AA can you derive Niacin bg using Vit B6

A

Tryptophan

108
Q

Niacin def presents as

A

Pellagra

109
Q

Pellagra is?

A

4Ds: diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

110
Q

Hartnup disease

A

Dec tryptophan absorption

111
Q

Inc tryptophan metabolism will result to

A

Carcinoid syndrome

112
Q

What is the effect of Isoniazid to Vit B6

A

Decrease

113
Q

Can be given to TB Patients together with Vit B supplements

A

Isoniazid

114
Q

Excess in niacin manifests as

A

Liver damage

115
Q

A constituent of Coenzyme A

A

Pantothenic Acid ( Vit B5)

116
Q

Used as cofactors for acyl transfers

A

Vit B5

117
Q

Component if fatty acid synthase

A

Vit B5

118
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin usually happens in animals

A

Vit B5

With s/sx:
Dermatitis
Enteritis
Alipecia
Adrenal insufficiency
119
Q

What is the active form of pyridoxine?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

120
Q

Used as coenzyme in AA transamination, glycogen phosphorylase, cystathionine synthase, ALA synthase

A

Pyridoxine

121
Q

Removes hornone-receptor complex from DNA: stops steroid hormone action

A

Pyrodoxine

122
Q

Pyridoxine is also known as

A

Vitamin B6

123
Q

Deficiency will lead to isoniazid toxicity and peripheral neuropathy

A

Pyridoxine

124
Q

Intake of >299 mg/day will lead to gait problems and CNS Toxicity (excess)

A

Pyridoxine

125
Q

Vitamin that has cobalt in center of corrin ring

A

Cobalamin (B12)

126
Q

Types of vit B12

A

Methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin

127
Q

Cobalamin binds initially to ________ in the stomach

A

Salivary cobalophilin

128
Q

Vitamin that needs intrinsic factor for absorption and is absorbed in terminal ileum

A

Cobalamin

129
Q

Cobalamin is absorbed in what part of the stomach

A

Terminal ileum

130
Q

2 active forma of cobalamine

A

5 deoxyadenosylcobalamin and

Methylcobalamin

131
Q

Active form of cobalamin used for methionine synthesis

A

5deoxyadenosylcobalamin

132
Q

Active form of cobalamin used for isomerization reactions

A

Methylcobalamin

133
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin will lead to Pernicious Anemia/ Megaloblastic Anemia due to auto immunity

A

Cobalamin

134
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin will lead to autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to decreased IF secretion and decreased vit B12 absorption

A

Vitamin B12

135
Q

Diagnostic test for Vit B12 deficiency

A

Schilling test, vit B12, anti-IF

136
Q

Malabsorption or absence of terminal ileum will result to

A

Vitamin b12 deficiency

137
Q

Structure: pterin ring + PABA + glutamate residues

A

Folic Acid

138
Q

Humans cannot synthesize folate because it cannot synthesize what substances?

A

PABA and add glutamate

139
Q

This vitamin should be provided by the diet

A

Folic Acid

140
Q

Active form of Folic Acid

A

Tetrahydrofolate (THF)

PABA to DHF to THF

141
Q

Used as coenzyme for 1 carbon transfer (methylation reactions)

A

Folic Acid

142
Q

Anti cancer drugs that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase of humans

A

Methotrexate

143
Q

An antimetabolite antibiotic that inhibits both processes in THF synthesis of bacteria

A

Co trimoxazole

144
Q

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

A

Trimethoprim

145
Q

Sulfamethoxazole inhibits what?

A

Dihydropteroate synthase

146
Q

Most common vitamin deficiency in developed countries

A

Folic Acid def

147
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin will lead to megaloblastic anemia with no neurologic symptoms

    • hypersegmentation of neutrophils
    • macrocytic anemia
A

Folic Acid

148
Q

When is the best time to five Folic Acid to pregnant mothers

A

Before conception upto first trimester

149
Q

What is the dosage of folic acid given to pregnant women

A

400 mcg daily

150
Q

Why is Folic Acid is given to pregnant women

A

To prevent neural tube defects

151
Q

Functional folate deficiency is seen in cases with

A

Inc homocystiene leading to inc risk of MI

152
Q

Used as cofactor for carboxylation reactions

A

Biotin

153
Q

Biotin deficiency can be induced by

A

Avidin in egg whites

–prevents biotin absorption

154
Q

Used as cofactor in hydroxylation of proline and lysine (collagen synth) and dopamine beta hydroxylase
(Dopa to NE)

A

Vitamin C

155
Q

Reduces ferric to ferrous in stomach to increase iron absorption

A

Vitamin C

156
Q

Deficiency will lead to scurvy

A

Vitamin C

Biochem (8 decks)

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