Vitamins

Question 1

What are vitamins?

Answer 1

group of organic compounds that are essential in the diet of organisms in small quantities bc they cant be synthesized by the body

Question 2

What vitamins do ruminants not require?

Answer 2

B vitamins
vitamin K

Question 3

What vitamins do ruminants require?

Answer 3

A,D,E

Question 4

What vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 4

A,D,E,K

Question 5

What vitamins are water source?

Answer 5

B vitamins, C

Question 6

Another way of vitamin supplementation

Answer 6

premix

Question 7

What are compounds that have the biological activity of retinol?

Answer 7

Vitamin A

Question 8

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

Answer 8

-vision
-cell proliferation and differentiation
-gene transcription

Question 9

What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

Answer 9

-night blindness leading to blindness, abnormal bone growth, rough hair coat, degeneration of mucous membranes, impaired growth

Question 10

What is vitamin A toxicity? (symptoms)

Answer 10

-skeletal malformations, reduced growth, conjunctivitis, reproductive failure

Question 11

What is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?

Answer 11

A

Question 12

What are the two major forms of vitamin D?

Answer 12

D2 and D3
-synthesized by the skin

Question 13

Vitamin D metabolism

Answer 13

-production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in liver
-production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in kidney

Question 14

Vitamin D functions

Answer 14

-increase efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption
-calcium mobilization from bone

Question 15

What does vitamin D deficiency cause?

Answer 15

Rickets

Question 16

Tell me some things about vitamin D

Answer 16

-no need to supplement if adequate sunlight exposure in most species
-vitamin D requirements vary greatly among species, depending on sunlight exposure

Question 17

Vitamin E function

Answer 17

prevention of membrane lipids from oxidative damage

Question 18

What are the symptoms for vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 18

muscular dystrophy in most species, live necrosis in swine and rats, fetal resorption in rats, encephalomalacia in poultry

Question 19

What is Vitamin K involved in?

Answer 19

involved in protein synthesis
-clotting factors
-osteocalcin

Question 20

What happens when vitamin K deficient?

Answer 20

reduced blood clotting ability

Question 21

Which vitamin rarely has a toxicity issue?

Answer 21

B vitamins
-synthesis adequate in rumen

Question 22

What are the B vitamins?

Answer 22

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
Vitamin B5- Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6- Pyridoxine
Vitamin B7 - Biotin
Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid
Vitamin B12 - Cobalomin

Question 23

What are the functions of Thiamin (vitamin B1)?

Answer 23

-decarboxylation of ketoacids
-transketolations

Question 24

How does thiamin deficiency work?

Answer 24

usually due to the destruction of thiamin in diet or GIT
-thiaminases

Question 25

What does thiamin deficiency result in?

Answer 25

impaired carbohydrate metabolism -anorexia, convulsions, paralysis, reduced heart rate, subnormal body temp

Question 26

What are the functions of Riboflavin (B2)?

Answer 26

-flavin mononucleotide -flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 27

What are the symptoms for riboflavin deficiency?

Answer 27

-curled toe paralysis in chicks -reduced egg production and hatchability -skin lesions, reduced growth -reproductive failure

Question 28

What are the functions of Niacin (B3)?

Answer 28

-formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 29

What does deficiency in Niacin cause?

Answer 29

Pellagra -dermatitis -dementia -diarrhea

Question 30

How does the niacin-tryptophan work?

Answer 30

metabolic requirement for niacin can be met by conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Question 31

What are the functions of Pantothenic acid (B5)?

Answer 31

-coenzyme A synthesis -acyl carrier protein synthesis

Question 32

What does a deficiency in pantothenic acid cause?

Answer 32

-reduced growth -dermatitis -goose stepping gait in pigs

Question 33

What are the functions of Pyridoxine (B6)?

Answer 33

Cofactors for enzymes: -aminotransferases -decarboxylases -heme biosynthesis -cysteine biosynthesis -glycogen phosphorylase

Question 34

What does a deficiency in pyridoxine cause?

Answer 34

-convulsions -dermatitis -impaired reproduction

Question 35

What are the functions of folate (B9) ?

Answer 35

1-carbon metabolism -interconversion of glycine and serine -methionine cycle -nucleotide synthesis

Question 36

What does a deficiency in folate cause?

Answer 36

anemia

Question 37

What is special about Cobalamin (B12) ?

Answer 37

intrinsic factor in the gastric juice bind vitamin B12 needed for absorption -receptors on brush border of s.i. bind intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

Question 38

Cofactor for B12?

Answer 38

-methylmalonyl CoA mutase -methionine synthase

Question 39

What does a deficiency in Cobalamin?

Answer 39

-decreased growth -anemia -poor reproduction

Question 40

What does Biotin (B7) do?

Answer 40

synthesis of -acetyl CoA carboxylase -pyruvate carboxylase -propionyl CoA carboxylase -3 methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase

Question 41

What does a deficiency in Biotin cause?

Answer 41

Non-ruminants: dermatitis, cracks in foot pads, poor growth, loss of hair or feathers Ruminants/horses: hoof cracks and lesions

Question 42

What is sometimes considered a vitamin but is not a dietary essential?

Answer 42

Choline

Question 43

Functions of choline?

Answer 43

-phospholipid synthesis -neurotransmission -chylomicron synthesis -methyl group donor

Question 44

vitamin C

Answer 44

-essential for primates, guinea pigs, exotics, fish -ascorbic acid

Question 45

What is vitamin C synthesized from?

Answer 45

glucose -species that have vitamin C requirements lack gulonolactone?

Question 46

What are the functions of vitamin C?

Answer 46

*required for oxygenase activity in -collagen synthesis -carnitine synthesis -norepinephrine synthesis -activation of peptide hormones -tyrosine oxidation *antioxidant

Question 47

What does a deficiency in Vitamin c cause?

Answer 47

scurvy -bruising/hemorrhaging, rough coat, painful joints, dental issues