Vitamins Flashcards
What are vitamins?
group of organic compounds that are essential in the diet of organisms in small quantities bc they cant be synthesized by the body
What vitamins do ruminants not require?
B vitamins
vitamin K
What vitamins do ruminants require?
A,D,E
What vitamins are fat soluble?
A,D,E,K
What vitamins are water source?
B vitamins, C
Another way of vitamin supplementation
premix
What are compounds that have the biological activity of retinol?
Vitamin A
What are the functions of Vitamin A?
-vision
-cell proliferation and differentiation
-gene transcription
What does vitamin A deficiency cause?
-night blindness leading to blindness, abnormal bone growth, rough hair coat, degeneration of mucous membranes, impaired growth
What is vitamin A toxicity? (symptoms)
-skeletal malformations, reduced growth, conjunctivitis, reproductive failure
What is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?
A
What are the two major forms of vitamin D?
D2 and D3
-synthesized by the skin
Vitamin D metabolism
-production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in liver
-production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in kidney
Vitamin D functions
-increase efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption
-calcium mobilization from bone
What does vitamin D deficiency cause?
Rickets
Tell me some things about vitamin D
-no need to supplement if adequate sunlight exposure in most species
-vitamin D requirements vary greatly among species, depending on sunlight exposure
Vitamin E function
prevention of membrane lipids from oxidative damage
What are the symptoms for vitamin E deficiency?
muscular dystrophy in most species, live necrosis in swine and rats, fetal resorption in rats, encephalomalacia in poultry
What is Vitamin K involved in?
involved in protein synthesis
-clotting factors
-osteocalcin
What happens when vitamin K deficient?
reduced blood clotting ability
Which vitamin rarely has a toxicity issue?
B vitamins
-synthesis adequate in rumen
What are the B vitamins?
Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
Vitamin B5- Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6- Pyridoxine
Vitamin B7 - Biotin
Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid
Vitamin B12 - Cobalomin
What are the functions of Thiamin (vitamin B1)?
-decarboxylation of ketoacids
-transketolations
How does thiamin deficiency work?
usually due to the destruction of thiamin in diet or GIT
-thiaminases
What does thiamin deficiency result in?
impaired carbohydrate metabolism
-anorexia, convulsions, paralysis, reduced heart rate, subnormal body temp
What are the functions of Riboflavin (B2)?
-flavin mononucleotide
-flavin adenine dinucleotide
What are the symptoms for riboflavin deficiency?
-curled toe paralysis in chicks
-reduced egg production and hatchability
-skin lesions, reduced growth
-reproductive failure
What are the functions of Niacin (B3)?
-formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
What does deficiency in Niacin cause?
Pellagra
-dermatitis
-dementia
-diarrhea
How does the niacin-tryptophan work?
metabolic requirement for niacin can be met by conversion of tryptophan to niacin
What are the functions of Pantothenic acid (B5)?
-coenzyme A synthesis
-acyl carrier protein synthesis
What does a deficiency in pantothenic acid cause?
-reduced growth
-dermatitis
-goose stepping gait in pigs
What are the functions of Pyridoxine (B6)?
Cofactors for enzymes:
-aminotransferases
-decarboxylases
-heme biosynthesis
-cysteine biosynthesis
-glycogen phosphorylase
What does a deficiency in pyridoxine cause?
-convulsions
-dermatitis
-impaired reproduction
What are the functions of folate (B9) ?
1-carbon metabolism
-interconversion of glycine and serine
-methionine cycle
-nucleotide synthesis
What does a deficiency in folate cause?
anemia
What is special about Cobalamin (B12) ?
intrinsic factor in the gastric juice bind vitamin B12 needed for absorption
-receptors on brush border of s.i. bind intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
Cofactor for B12?
-methylmalonyl CoA mutase
-methionine synthase
What does a deficiency in Cobalamin?
-decreased growth
-anemia
-poor reproduction
What does Biotin (B7) do?
synthesis of
-acetyl CoA carboxylase
-pyruvate carboxylase
-propionyl CoA carboxylase
-3 methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase
What does a deficiency in Biotin cause?
Non-ruminants: dermatitis, cracks in foot pads, poor growth, loss of hair or feathers
Ruminants/horses: hoof cracks and lesions
What is sometimes considered a vitamin but is not a dietary essential?
Choline
Functions of choline?
-phospholipid synthesis
-neurotransmission
-chylomicron synthesis
-methyl group donor
vitamin C
-essential for primates, guinea pigs, exotics, fish
-ascorbic acid
What is vitamin C synthesized from?
glucose
-species that have vitamin C requirements lack gulonolactone?
What are the functions of vitamin C?
*required for oxygenase activity in
-collagen synthesis
-carnitine synthesis
-norepinephrine synthesis
-activation of peptide hormones
-tyrosine oxidation
*antioxidant
What does a deficiency in Vitamin c cause?
scurvy
-bruising/hemorrhaging, rough coat, painful joints, dental issues
