Energy Feedstuffs Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are concentrates?

A

low in fiber, high in energy or protein
(protein concentrates must have atleast 20% crude protein)

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2
Q

What are roughages?

A

high fiber, low nutrient density

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3
Q

What are feed additives?

A

ingredient that has non nutrient value that may:
-improve the quality of feed
-stimulate growth/ performance of animal
-be beneficial to the health of animal
-improve characteristics of animal products
-improve efficiency of food utilization

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4
Q

Cereals

A

-members of the grass family
-primary energy sources for humans and non ruminant animals

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5
Q

Corn

A

*most important feed grain
-highest digestible energy content

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6
Q

What is the energy content of corn?

A

-high in starch
-low in fiber
-4% oil
-high in unsaturated fats

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7
Q

What is the mineral content of corn?

A

low in calcium, high in unavailable phosphorus

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8
Q

What is the protein content of corn?

A
  • 9% CP
    -poor quality protein bc of high zein content
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9
Q

What is the vitamin content of corn?

A

-high in vitamin A due to carotenoid pigments
-xanthophylls (color pigment)
-low in niacin

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10
Q

What does phytate do?

A

binds phosphorus and makes it unavailable for animals
-can add phytase to make phosphorus available

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11
Q

Contamination of corn

A

mycotoxins
-alfatoxin (aspergillus flavus)

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12
Q

What does alfatoxin cause?

A

reduced feed intake, reduced growth, diarrhea, liver damage

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13
Q

Millet and Sorghum

A

major food grains in semiarid tropics
- millet = bird seed (used as corn substitute)
- sorghum = milo

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14
Q

What is the energy content of sorghum?

A

-similar to corn
-requires processing to improve digestibility

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15
Q

What is the protein content of sorghum?

A
  • 10% CP
  • quality poor, availability of amino acids low
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16
Q

What are the deleterious factors of sorghum?

A

-react with proteins
-processing methods can overcome tannin effects

17
Q

What do condensed tannins cause?

A

-astringent taste which reduces palatability
-decreases digestibility of proteins

18
Q

Wheat

A

-most is used for human consumption
-contains pentosans which cause diarrhea

19
Q

What is the energy consumption of wheat?

A

similar to corn

20
Q

What is the protein content of wheat?

21
Q

What is the energy content of barley?

A

-lower than corn
-contains B-glucans

22
Q

What do B-glucans do?

A

-reduces digesta flow rate and liquid absorption
-causes sticky excreta in poultry
-can add glucanases to feed to assist with digestion

23
Q

What is the protein content of barley?

24
Q

What is the mineral content of barley?

A

phosphorus bound in phytate

25
What is the energy content of oats?
-low -can be processed to improve digestibility -high in soluble fiber
26
What is the protein content of oats?
12% CP -high quality protein
27
What is the protein content of rye?
12% CP
28
What are the negative characteristics of rye?
-ergot -pectins -pentosans
29
Ergot causes what?
loss of tips of extremities, agalactia, abortions
30
Pectins cause what?
poor growth, sticky excreta
31
Pentosans cause what?
diarrhea
32
Buckwheat
-not a cereal grain -11% CP, high quality protein -contains fagopyrin
33
What does fagopyrin cause?
photo sensitization in light skinned animals leading to skin lesions
34
Liquid molasses
-48% sugar, low in protein -can feed at 30% of diet
35
Molasses toxicity
causes incoordination and blindness in ruminants
36
Dried by products
-beet pulp -dried citrus pulp -dried bakery by product