Energy Feedstuffs Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are concentrates?
low in fiber, high in energy or protein
(protein concentrates must have atleast 20% crude protein)
What are roughages?
high fiber, low nutrient density
What are feed additives?
ingredient that has non nutrient value that may:
-improve the quality of feed
-stimulate growth/ performance of animal
-be beneficial to the health of animal
-improve characteristics of animal products
-improve efficiency of food utilization
Cereals
-members of the grass family
-primary energy sources for humans and non ruminant animals
Corn
*most important feed grain
-highest digestible energy content
What is the energy content of corn?
-high in starch
-low in fiber
-4% oil
-high in unsaturated fats
What is the mineral content of corn?
low in calcium, high in unavailable phosphorus
What is the protein content of corn?
- 9% CP
-poor quality protein bc of high zein content
What is the vitamin content of corn?
-high in vitamin A due to carotenoid pigments
-xanthophylls (color pigment)
-low in niacin
What does phytate do?
binds phosphorus and makes it unavailable for animals
-can add phytase to make phosphorus available
Contamination of corn
mycotoxins
-alfatoxin (aspergillus flavus)
What does alfatoxin cause?
reduced feed intake, reduced growth, diarrhea, liver damage
Millet and Sorghum
major food grains in semiarid tropics
- millet = bird seed (used as corn substitute)
- sorghum = milo
What is the energy content of sorghum?
-similar to corn
-requires processing to improve digestibility
What is the protein content of sorghum?
- 10% CP
- quality poor, availability of amino acids low
What are the deleterious factors of sorghum?
-react with proteins
-processing methods can overcome tannin effects
What do condensed tannins cause?
-astringent taste which reduces palatability
-decreases digestibility of proteins
Wheat
-most is used for human consumption
-contains pentosans which cause diarrhea
What is the energy consumption of wheat?
similar to corn
What is the protein content of wheat?
13% CP
What is the energy content of barley?
-lower than corn
-contains B-glucans
What do B-glucans do?
-reduces digesta flow rate and liquid absorption
-causes sticky excreta in poultry
-can add glucanases to feed to assist with digestion
What is the protein content of barley?
12% CP
What is the mineral content of barley?
phosphorus bound in phytate
What is the energy content of oats?
-low
-can be processed to improve digestibility
-high in soluble fiber
What is the protein content of oats?
12% CP
-high quality protein
What is the protein content of rye?
12% CP
What are the negative characteristics of rye?
-ergot
-pectins
-pentosans
Ergot causes what?
loss of tips of extremities, agalactia, abortions
Pectins cause what?
poor growth, sticky excreta
Pentosans cause what?
diarrhea
Buckwheat
-not a cereal grain
-11% CP, high quality protein
-contains fagopyrin
What does fagopyrin cause?
photo sensitization in light skinned animals leading to skin lesions
Liquid molasses
-48% sugar, low in protein
-can feed at 30% of diet
Molasses toxicity
causes incoordination and blindness in ruminants
Dried by products
-beet pulp
-dried citrus pulp
-dried bakery by product
