Energy Feedstuffs Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are concentrates?

Answer 1

low in fiber, high in energy or protein
(protein concentrates must have atleast 20% crude protein)

Question 2

What are roughages?

Answer 2

high fiber, low nutrient density

Question 3

What are feed additives?

Answer 3

ingredient that has non nutrient value that may:
-improve the quality of feed
-stimulate growth/ performance of animal
-be beneficial to the health of animal
-improve characteristics of animal products
-improve efficiency of food utilization

Question 4

Cereals

Answer 4

-members of the grass family
-primary energy sources for humans and non ruminant animals

Question 5

Corn

Answer 5

*most important feed grain
-highest digestible energy content

Question 6

What is the energy content of corn?

Answer 6

-high in starch
-low in fiber
-4% oil
-high in unsaturated fats

Question 7

What is the mineral content of corn?

Answer 7

low in calcium, high in unavailable phosphorus

Question 8

What is the protein content of corn?

Answer 8

• 9% CP
  -poor quality protein bc of high zein content

Question 9

What is the vitamin content of corn?

Answer 9

-high in vitamin A due to carotenoid pigments
-xanthophylls (color pigment)
-low in niacin

Question 10

What does phytate do?

Answer 10

binds phosphorus and makes it unavailable for animals
-can add phytase to make phosphorus available

Question 11

Contamination of corn

Answer 11

mycotoxins
-alfatoxin (aspergillus flavus)

Question 12

What does alfatoxin cause?

Answer 12

reduced feed intake, reduced growth, diarrhea, liver damage

Question 13

Millet and Sorghum

Answer 13

major food grains in semiarid tropics
- millet = bird seed (used as corn substitute)
- sorghum = milo

Question 14

What is the energy content of sorghum?

Answer 14

-similar to corn
-requires processing to improve digestibility

Question 15

What is the protein content of sorghum?

Answer 15

• 10% CP
• quality poor, availability of amino acids low

Question 16

What are the deleterious factors of sorghum?

Answer 16

-react with proteins
-processing methods can overcome tannin effects

Question 17

What do condensed tannins cause?

Answer 17

-astringent taste which reduces palatability
-decreases digestibility of proteins

Question 18

Wheat

Answer 18

-most is used for human consumption
-contains pentosans which cause diarrhea

Question 19

What is the energy consumption of wheat?

Answer 19

similar to corn

Question 20

What is the protein content of wheat?

Answer 20

13% CP

Question 21

What is the energy content of barley?

Answer 21

-lower than corn
-contains B-glucans

Question 22

What do B-glucans do?

Answer 22

-reduces digesta flow rate and liquid absorption
-causes sticky excreta in poultry
-can add glucanases to feed to assist with digestion

Question 23

What is the protein content of barley?

Answer 23

12% CP

Question 24

What is the mineral content of barley?

Answer 24

phosphorus bound in phytate

Question 25

What is the energy content of oats?

Answer 25

-low
-can be processed to improve digestibility
-high in soluble fiber

Question 26

What is the protein content of oats?

Answer 26

12% CP
-high quality protein

Question 27

What is the protein content of rye?

Answer 27

12% CP

Question 28

What are the negative characteristics of rye?

Answer 28

-ergot
-pectins
-pentosans

Question 29

Ergot causes what?

Answer 29

loss of tips of extremities, agalactia, abortions

Question 30

Pectins cause what?

Answer 30

poor growth, sticky excreta

Question 31

Pentosans cause what?

Answer 31

diarrhea

Question 32

Buckwheat

Answer 32

-not a cereal grain
-11% CP, high quality protein
-contains fagopyrin

Question 33

What does fagopyrin cause?

Answer 33

photo sensitization in light skinned animals leading to skin lesions

Question 34

Liquid molasses

Answer 34

-48% sugar, low in protein
-can feed at 30% of diet

Question 35

Molasses toxicity

Answer 35

causes incoordination and blindness in ruminants

Question 36

Dried by products

Answer 36

-beet pulp
-dried citrus pulp
-dried bakery by product