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Nutrition > Digestive Anatomy > Flashcards

Digestive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the process by which an animal takes and utilizes food substances

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2
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal life processes

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3
Q

What are the nutrient categories?

A
  1. vitamins
  2. minerals
  3. water
  4. protein
  5. lipids
  6. carbohydrates
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4
Q

What are the required nutrients?

A
  1. water
  2. protein
  3. minerals
  4. vitamins
  5. energy (composed of lipids and carbs)
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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of a nutrient?

A
  1. structural role
  2. energy source
  3. regulation
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6
Q

Whats an example of a nutrient performing a structural role?

A

lipid bilayer, minerals used for bone health

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7
Q

Whats an example of a nutrient performing a energy role?

A

cells need ATP which they get by breaking down carbs and lipids

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8
Q

Whats an example of a nutrient regulating?

A

vitamins regulate enzyme activity or function in gene transcription

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9
Q

What is feedstuff?

A

any material used for feed (individual components)

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10
Q

What is a diet?

A

mixture of feedstuffs that supplies nutrients to the animal

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11
Q

What is a ration?

A

daily allowance/amount of feed provided to an animal

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12
Q

What is a meal?

A

feed thats consumed by an animal on a regular basis

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13
Q

What is feeding behavior?

A

what material the animal is consuming

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14
Q

Carnivorous Feeding Behavior

A

adapted to consuming meat based diets/feedstuffs
-simple, short digestive tract
ex: cats

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15
Q

Omnivorous Feeding Behavior

A

adapted to consuming a combination of plant & meat based food stuffs
-simple, longer digestive tracts
ex: dogs, chickens, pigs

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16
Q

Herbivorous Feeding Behavior

A

adapted to consuming plant material
-most complex digestive tracts bc of microbial fermentation
ex: cows, horses, sheep, goats, rabbits, rodents

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17
Q

What are the ruminant feeding strategies?

A

1: Concentrate selectors
2: Bulk and Roughage eaters
3: Intermediate feeders

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18
Q

Concentrate selectors

A

select the more nutrious, lower fiber parts of plants
-less microbial fermentation so smaller rumens
ex: deer, giraffes

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19
Q

Bulk and roughage eaters

A

consume large quantities of high fiber material
-large rumens
ex: cows

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20
Q

Intermediate feeders

A

can adapt to either a concentrate selector or bulk & rougher

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21
Q

Mouth

A

-prehension
-mastication
-salivation
-formation of bolus
-swallowing

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22
Q

prehension

A

obtaining food (using lips, tongue, teeth)

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23
Q

mastication

A

mechanical breakdown of food (teeth)

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24
Q

salivation

A

-begins the breakdown of starch
-moistens food
-kills microbes

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25
Q

esophagus

A

transports food bolus to the stomach

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26
Q

stomach

A

secretion of digestive enzymes enzymes/ HCL to begin chemical digestion

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27
Q

small intestine

A

-chyme/digesta enters from the stomach
-pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum
-chemical digestion continues
-absorption of nutrients occur

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28
Q

What does the duodenum secrete?

A

cholecystokinin

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29
Q

What does Cholecystokinin do?

A

acts on pancreas to to secrete digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to secrete bile into duodenum

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30
Q

What is the surface of the SI?

A

epithelial tissue
-epithelial cells/ villi
-microvilli
-brush border

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31
Q

Whats a villi (projection) consist of?

A

simple columnar epithelial cells are arranged into villi

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32
Q

Where are microvilli (tiny projections) found?

A

apical surface of the epithelial cell

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33
Q

What are glycoalyx?

A

mesh like projections on top of microvilli

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34
Q

What makes up the brush border? What happens there?

A

both the glycoalyx and microvilli
this is where digestion ends and absorption starts

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35
Q

What are the three parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. colon
  2. cecum
  3. rectum
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36
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

water absorption

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37
Q

What does the cecum deal with?

A

microbial fermentation

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38
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

formation of feces
(which gets excreted through the anus)

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39
Q

What does the crop do?

A

stores food and moistens food

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40
Q

What does the proventriculus?

A

beginning of chemical digestion

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41
Q

What does the gizzard do?

A

mastication/mechanical digestion

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42
Q

What happens in the pair of ceca?

A

microbial fermentation

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43
Q

Whats the cloaca do?

A

common opening for digestive, reproductive, & urinary tracts

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44
Q

Whats the vent?

A

exterior opening

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45
Q

In a ruminant the esophagus empties into the

A

reticulo-rumen junction

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46
Q

What happens in the reticulum?

A

traps foreign material

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47
Q

Whats happens in the rumen?

A
  • microbial fermentation
  • produces volatile fatty acids that are absorbed through the rumen wall
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48
Q

What does the omasum do?

A

filtration by particle size

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49
Q

What happens in the abomasum?

A

chemical digestion

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50
Q

What are the advantages of a ruminant compared to monogastrics?

A

-utilization of fibrous foods
-microbes produce protein from ammonia & carbon sources
-microbes produce all B vitamin & vitamin K

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51
Q

What are the disadvantages of a ruminant compared to monogastrics?

A

-energy loess due to heat & gas production
-loss in protein quality due to synthesis of microbial protein

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52
Q

protein quality in ruminant

A

high quality is a waste bc the microbes change the structure of the amino acids

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53
Q

Foregut fermenters

A

-have stomach compartment where microbial fermentation occurs
-do not have stomach compartments
ex: hippo, sloths

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54
Q

Colon fermenters

A

majority of microbial fermentation occurs in enlarged colon
ex: horses

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55
Q

Cecal fermenters

A

majority of microbial fermentation occurs in enlarged cecum
ex: guina pigs, rabbits

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56
Q

Cecal fermenters have 2 types of feces

A
  1. hard pellets (normal)
  2. soft pellets: result from contractions of cecum consumed directly from anus
57
Q

Whats coprophagy?

A

eating feces

58
Q

What are the advantages of hindgut compared to ruminator?

A

-better adapted to high fiber, low quality diets
-rate of passage is not regulated by omasum
-higher rate of passage that allows for higher consumption

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of a hindgut compared to ruminants?

A

-nutrients provided from fermentation are less available
-microbes get less nutritious substance for fermentation

60
Q

Evaluating feeds: What do we need to know in order to efficiently utilize feeds?

A

-nutrition composition
-digestibility
-dry matter/as fed
-cost
-presence of toxins/ inhibitors

61
Q

Feedstuff sampling

A

values of nutrient content are of no practical use if the sample tested is not representative of the feedstuff as it is fed to animals

62
Q

Sampling hay

A

use hay probe which bores into bale of hay
-do 10-20 times

63
Q

Pasture sampling

A

using 1ft by 1ft square & cut to grazing height
-do 10-20 times

64
Q

Grain test

A

use grain probe for 10-20 samples

65
Q

Feed microscopy

A

checks for contamination
used for regulatory purposes

66
Q

Proximate analysis of feeds

A

standard system of chemical methods of feed analysis

67
Q

Dry matter

A

drying feed sample to constant weight
-getting a dry sample allows you to measure amount of water in sample

68
Q

Nutrient concentrations are

A

always higher on a DM basis

69
Q

Crude protein

A

estimated by measuring nitrogen content of feed multiplied by factor of 6.25
-estimates protein composition through measuring nitrogen

70
Q

Ether extract

A

crude fat estimate
-extract fat from sample with ethyl ether
-will extract all facts in sample, including waxes which are not digestible

71
Q

Ash

A

measures inorganic portions (minerals)
-quantitive measure only

72
Q

Crude fiber

A

not a reliable method and not very accurate
-estimates indigestible portion

73
Q

NDF

A

-neutral detergent fiber
-uses a neutral detergent to solubilize cell contents
-leaves hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin
(not digestable in monogastrics)

74
Q

ADF

A

-acid detergent fiber
-uses an acid detergent to solubilize hemicellulose
-leaves cellulose and lignin (true fibrous components)

75
Q

Nitrogen-free extract

A

estimates available carbohydrates
-a calculated value
NFE = 100 - (water + CP+ CF+ EE+ ash)

76
Q

Estimating the energy content of feeds

A

total digestable nutrients (TDN)
sums all fractions of feed that are digestible

77
Q

Determination of specific nutrients

A

proximate analysis gives general indication of nutrient content
-can measure individual amino acids, minerals

78
Q

Energy content of feed is determined by what?

A

a bomb calorimeter
-tells us nothing about how energy can be used by an animal

79
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

gross energy- fecal energy
-how much energy is digested and absorbed

80
Q

What is metabolizable energy?

A

digestible energy - urine energy - gas energy
-how much is available for cells to use for metabolsim

81
Q

What is net energy?

A

metabolizable energy - heat increment
-how much is available minus all loses and the expense of use of energy

82
Q

Net energy options

A

-production
-maintenance

83
Q

Assessing digestabilibty options

A

-total collections in metabolism crate
-using collection bags
-nylon bags (ruminants)
-using fecal marker
-illeal digestibility
*methods yield apparent digestibility not true digestibility

84
Q

total collections in metabolism crate

A

feed the animal a known amount of the feedstuff then collect all the feces
-measure the nutrient content of the feedstuff & feces
-calculate % digestibility

85
Q

using collection bags

A

feed animal feedstuff & collect feces in bags attached to the animal
-measure nutrient content of feedstuff & feces
-% digestibility (for each individual nutrient)

86
Q

Nylon bags

A

put feedstuff in bag and insert bag into rumen
-remove bag over set amount of time
-measure nutrient concentrations of the feedstuff vs what is left in the bag to determine rumen digestibility

87
Q

using fecal markers

A

add known concentration of an indigestible marker to the feed
-collect feces when marker appears in the feces
-compare nutrient concentration to fecal marker concentration

88
Q

Illeal digestibility

A

feed animal
collect contents of the ileum to determine digestibility

89
Q

true digestibility

A

accounts for endogenous losses throughout the digestive tract
-measure apparent digestibility & then use a correction factor that is species specific

90
Q

Feed manufacturing

A

-process of converting raw materials into balanced diets
-produced in feed mills
-usually pelleted or meal type feed

91
Q

Specialty feeds

A

horse, rabbit, llama, pet foods, calf milk replacers, calf growers rations

92
Q

Modern feed mills are

A

computer controlled

93
Q

Least Cost Rations

A

-select lowest cost feedstuffs
-feedstuffs that make up the ration will change overtime depending on the costs of feedstuff

94
Q

Association of American Feed Control Officials

A

-set standards for quality and safety of animal feed and pet food
-establishes ingredient definitions
-not a regulatory organization

95
Q

FDA

A

sets and enforces animal feed regulation

96
Q

Feed label information required by law

A

-net weight
-product name, brand name
-guaranteed analysis
-common name of ingredients
-name and mailing of address of manufacturer
-directions for use
-precautionary statements for safe use
-nutritional adequacy statement
-species the food is for

97
Q

Guaranteed analysis

A

required to have:
-min % crude protein
-min % crude fat
-max % crude fiber
-max % moisture
*expressed on an as fed basis

98
Q

labels without maximum % moisture are assumed to be air dried

A

10% moisture
90% DM

99
Q

Limitations of information on feed tag

A

-no info regarding protein quality
-digestible or metabolizable energy value is not known

100
Q

use of drugs in fed is regulated by the FDA

A

-degree of regulation based on potential risk to humans from drug residues
-all drugs placed into categories based on risks

101
Q

feed mixing

A

much feed manufactured on farms as opposed to commercial feed mills

102
Q

feed mixing equipment

A

-raw materials ground
-efficiency of mixing influenced by order of addition of ingredients

103
Q

how to mix feeds

A

-first add ingredients that make up majority of diet
-next add liquids slowly
-then add ingredient that make up less than 2.5% of fat
-mix for 15-20 mins

104
Q

Pelleting

A

forcing mixed feed ingredients through a pellet pie

105
Q

Advantages of pelleted feeds

A

-increases bulk density
-increases feed intake
-prevents sorting
-reduced dust

106
Q

What’s the biggest concern with pellet quality?

A

crumbling

107
Q

Feed is preconditioned with steam before pelleting

A

activates functional properties in feedstuffs allowing pellet binding
-can add pellet binders to hold pellets together

108
Q

What has good functional properties?

A

wheat gluten

109
Q

What has bad functional properties?

A

corn, sorghum, rice, oats

110
Q

True of false: rarely feed whole grains or seeds

A

true

111
Q

other processing methods

A

-grinding in hammermill
-dry or steam rolling
-flaking
-popping
-micronized grains
-tempering
-extrusion

112
Q

feed efficiency

A

represents how well an animal can convert feed to product
-the closer the feed efficiency is to 1, the more efficient the animal is at converting feed to product
*product output/ feed input

113
Q

feed conversion factors

A

amount of feed: amount of product

114
Q

feeding trials

A

feed intake measurements
-have animals in pens
-feed each pen a known amount of feed
-next day, measure feed refusal
-difference b/w what was fed vs refusal is daily FI

115
Q

Maximum feed intake can only be achieved w/

A

access to free choice water
(separate and access at all times)
meanwhile Ad libitum is not separate

116
Q

What feed properties may affect feed intake?

A

-palatability
-energy
-protein/amino acid concentration
-forage composition
others: temperature, pregnancy, conditioning, body size, smell, fatigue

117
Q

Palatability

A

taste, olfaction, texture

118
Q

Feed preference tests can be performed

A

-2 different feeds on scales
-give animal access to both feeds at the same time
-animal eats more of what the animal prefers

119
Q

If feeds are sufficiently palatable, dietary energy concentration will

A

control voluntary FI
-animals will eat to meet their energy requirements

120
Q

distension feedback

A

-stomach distends as it fills with food
-receptors on stomach wall will send signals to satiety centers in brain to stop eating

121
Q

With a low energy/fibrous diet

A

the stomach fills quickly

122
Q

high energy diets

A

do not provide as much distension feedback as low energy diets

123
Q

Chemostatic feedback

A

increases in blood metabolites will signal to satiety centers to stop eating
-glucose, VFA

124
Q

What is rumen fill/distension feedback affected by:

A

-NDF
-water content

125
Q

NDF

A

higher NDF, the more space it will take up in rumen causing distension feedback

126
Q

Water content

A

higher water content of forage, the bulkier the forage will be causing distension on feedback

127
Q

What is feed intake affected by in monogastrics

A

essential amino acids

128
Q

What is feed intake affected by in ruminants

A

-bypass protein (bypasses microbial fermentation) : increases FI
-nitrogen: select feeds with higher N content

129
Q

Environmental temperature affects on feed intake

A

FI increases as temp decreases

130
Q

Comfort zone of an animal

A

range of temperatures where metabolism is at a min

131
Q

When temps go below comfort zone,

A

feed intake increases as metabolism increases to maintain body temp

132
Q

Heat increment of feedstuff

A

extra heat produced due to the metabolism of a nutrient
-protein has the highest

133
Q

Reproduction FI

A

-decrease in FI during late gestation
-increase in feed intake during peak lactation

134
Q

Neophobia

A

reluctance to accept a new food

135
Q

aversive conditioning

A

train to avoid certain foods

136
Q

how does metabolic rate affect FI

A

animals w/ increased metabolic rates consume more food per unit of BW

137
Q

metabolic body size =

A

(BW) x .75
-can use to compare FI across species

138
Q

how does smell play a role?

A

animals may reject a feed without even tasting it

139
Q

how does fatigue play a role?

A

animals may become fatigued in seeking, ingesting, chewing, and ruminating feed

Nutrition (9 decks)

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