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Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin independent Glucose transport proteins

A

GLUT 1,2,3

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2
Q

GLUT 1

A

*in erythrocytes, blood brain barrier
-found throughout body in low concentration
-high affinity for glucose
-does not require high concentration of glucose

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3
Q

GLUT 2

A

*in small intestine, pancreas, liver
-low affinity for glucose
-require high concentrations of glucose in order for glucose to be transported across cell membrane

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4
Q

GLUT 3

A

*in neurons
-high affinity for glucose

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5
Q

insulin dependent glucose transport proteins

A

*in muscle adipose
-insulin binds to receptor on the cell, this results in GLUT 4 expression on cell membrane
-when GLUT 4 is expressed on cell membrane, glucose can be transported into cell

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6
Q

Fed state

A

when high blood glucose, GLUT 2 transports glucose into the pancreas
-pancreas will then secrete insulin
-insulin will lower blood glucose by GLUT 4 expression
(the stimulation of storage and usage of glucose)

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7
Q

Fasted State

A

when blood glucose is normal/low, GLUT 2 does not transport glucose into pancreas
-pancreas will secrete glucagon
-maintains blood glucose by stimulating synthesis of glucose & release of stored glucose

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8
Q

Glycolysis step one

A

glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
*uses hexokinase or glucokinase in the liver
-ATP turned into ADP

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9
Q

Glycolysis step two

A

glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate
*uses phosphoglucose isomerase

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10
Q

Glycolysis step three

A

fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-Biphosphate
*uses phosphofructokinase-1
-ATP turned into ADP

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11
Q

Glycolysis step four

A

fructose 1,6- Biphosphate into dihydroxyacetonephosphate and glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate
*uses aldolase

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12
Q

Glycolysis step 5

A

dihydroxyacetonephosphate into glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate
*uses triose phosphate isomerase

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13
Q

Glycolysis step 6

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
*uses glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
-NAD+ into NADH, H+
-Pi is released

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14
Q

Glycolysis step 7

A

1,3- biphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate
*uses phosphoglycerate kinase
-ADP into ATP

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15
Q

Glycolysis step 8

A

3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phoshphoglycerate
*uses phosphoglycerate mutase

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16
Q

Glycolysis step 9

A

2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenol pyruvate
*uses enolase
-H2O released

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17
Q

Glycolysis step 10

A

phosphoenol pyruvate into pyruvate
*uses pyruvate kinase
-ADP into ATP

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18
Q

from a single glucose

A

net ATP of 7

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19
Q

1 NADH, H+

A

2.5 ATP

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20
Q

Regulation of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose transport
  2. glucokinase
  3. phosphofructokinase-1
  4. pyruvate kinase
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21
Q

Glucose transport

A

if glucose cant get into the cell glycolysis cant happen

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22
Q

GLUT 4

A

only transports glucose when insulin is present, glycolysis will only happen when insulin is present

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23
Q

GLUT 2

A

only transports glucose into cells when high blood glucose, glycolysis will only happen when high blood glucose

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24
Q

Glucokinase

A

has low affinity for glucose
-requires high cellular concentration of glucose to be active

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25
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1

A

1st committed step of glycolysis
-inhibited by high cellular concentration of ATP

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26
Q

Insulin signals for production of

A

fructose 2,6 -biphosphate which activates phosphofructokinase-1

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27
Q

What is pyruvate kinase activated by?

A

fructose 1,6 -biphosphate

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28
Q

What is Pyruvate kinase inhibited by?

A

glucagon

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29
Q

Glycogen is

A

-a complex polymer of glucose molecules
-glucose chain attached to glycogenin
-storage form of glucose in liver and muscle

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30
Q

What does liver glycogen do?

A

stores of glucose to maintain blood glucose

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31
Q

What does muscle glycogen do?

A

stores of glucose to store energy for muscle contraction

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32
Q

Glycogen structure

A

1,4 - linkages are found b/w glucoses on straight chains
1,6 - linkages are found at branching points

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33
Q

Glycogenesis step 1

A

glucose into glucose- 6-phosphate
*uses hexokinase in muscle and glucokinase in liver
-turns ATP into ADP

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34
Q

Glycogenesis step 2

A

glucose-6-phosphate into glucose-1-phosphate
*uses phosphoglucomutase

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35
Q

Glycogenesis step 3

A

glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose
*uses UDP-glucose phyrophosphorylase
-turns UTP into PPi

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36
Q

Glycogenesis step 4

A

UDP-glucose into (Glucose)n+1
*uses glucose synthase
-(glucose)n goes into this and UDP comes out
-only 1,4 linkages are created

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37
Q

How does a branching enzyme work?

A

once an existing glycogen is at least 11 glucoses long, 7 are removed and added at an 1,6- linkage to an existing chain at least 4 glucoses away from another branch

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38
Q

What is GLUT 2’s role in glucose transport which can regulate glycogenesis?

A

GLUT 2 has a low affinity for glucose so glucose can only be transported into liver when there are high blood glucose concentrations
-glycogenesis will only happen when GLUT 2 is able to transport glucose into cell

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39
Q

What is GLUT 4’s role in glucose transport which can regulate glycogenesis?

A

will only transport glucose to muscle when insulin is present
-glycogenesis will only happen when glucose is able to get into the cell

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40
Q

Glycogenesis can only happen at?

A

high blood glucose levels

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41
Q

Glycogen synthase: synthesizing glycogen

A

inactive glycogen synthase to active glycogen synthase
*uses protein phosphate-1 which is activated by insulin

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42
Q

Glycogen synthase: breaking down glycogen

A

active to inactive
*uses protein kinase A which is activated by glucagon

43
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen
-cytosolic
-liver: glucose
-muscle: glucose-6-phosphate

44
Q

What is glycogenesis regulated by?

A

glucose transport and
glycogen synthase

45
Q

What is glycogenesis regulated by?

A

glucose transport and
glycogen synthase

46
Q

What is glycogenolysis regulated by?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

47
Q

Step 1 of glycogenolysis

A

(glucose)n turns into glucose-1-phosphate
*uses glycogen phosphorylase
-Pi goes into this, (glucose)n goes out of it
-breaks down 1,4 linkages

48
Q

Step 2 of glycogenolysis

A

glucose-1-phosphate turns into glucose-6-phosphate
*uses phosphoglucomutase
STOPS FOR GLYCOLYSIS IN MUSCLES

49
Q

Step 3 of glycogenolysis

A

glucose -6-phosphate tuns into glucose
*uses glucose-6-phosphate
-H2o is put into this and Pi is released
BLOODSTREAM FROM LIVER

50
Q

How does Debranching occur?

A

when 4 glucoses remain on branch 3 are removed and added to another chain at an 1,4 linkage
the remaining glucose is released as a free group

51
Q

Where does the breakdown of glycogen occur?

A

-cytosolic
-liver: glucose
-muscle: glucose-6-phosphate

52
Q

Whats the process that causes glycogenolysis?

A

inactive glycogen phosphorylate becomes an active glycogen phosphorylate (phosphorylated)
-uses protein kinase A (pka)

53
Q

What activates pka?

A

glucagon or epinephrine

54
Q

Whats the process that stops glycogenesis?

A

active glycogen synthase becomes inactive glycogen synthase (phosphorylated)
-uses pka

55
Q

Whats the process that stops glycogenolysis?

A

active glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylated) becomes glycogen phosphorylase
-uses protein-phosphorylase-1 (pp-1)

56
Q

What activates PP-1?

A

insulin

57
Q

Whats the process that causes glycogenesis?

A

inactive glycogen synthase (phosphorylated) becomes active glycogen synthase

58
Q

Whats gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesis of glucose
-occurs in liver, kidney, cytosolic
-maintenance of blood glucose

59
Q

What are the precursors for gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate, glycerol, amino acids

60
Q

Lactate

A

produced during anaerobic metabolism
-pyruvate into lactate
-sources: red blood cells, muscle contraction

61
Q

Amino Acids

A

come from the breakdown of protein during starvation

62
Q

Glycerol

A

comes from the breakdown of fat during fasted states

63
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis start?

A

mitochondria then it goes to the cytosol

64
Q

What step of gluconeogenesis in the mitochondria?

A

pyruvate turns into oxaloacetate
*uses pyruvate carboxylase
-ATP put into this ADP + Pi comes out
-HCO3 goes into

65
Q

Where does that pyruvate come from?

A

precursors

66
Q

Step 2 of gluconeogenesis

A

oxaloacetate turns into phosphoenolpyruvate
*uses phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
-GTP goes into GDP goes out
-CO2 released

67
Q

Step 3 of gluconeogenesis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate turns into 2-phosphoglycerate
*uses enolase
-H20 goes into

68
Q

Step 4 of gluconeogenesis

A

2-phosphoglycerate turns into 3-phosphoglycerate
*uses phosphoglycerate mutase

69
Q

Step 5 of gluconeogenesis

A

3-phosphoglycerate turns into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
*uses phosphoglycerate kinase
-ATP goes in ADP comes out

70
Q

Step 6 of gluconeogenesis

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate turns into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
*uses glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate dehydrogenase
-NADH, H+ goes in and NAD+ comes out
-Pi goes out

71
Q

Step 7 of gluconeogenesis

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate turns into dihydroxyacetone phosphate
*uses triose phosphate isomerase

72
Q

Step 8 of gluconeogenesis

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate turns into fructose 1,6-biphosphate
*uses aldolase

73
Q

Step 9 of gluconeogenesis

A

fructose 1,6- biphosphate turns into fructose-6-phosphate
*uses fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
-H2O goes into this
-Pi realesed

74
Q

Step 9 of gluconeogenesis

A

fructose 1,6- biphosphate turns into fructose-6-phosphate
*uses fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
-H2O goes into this
-Pi released

75
Q

Step 10 of gluconeogensis

A

fructose-6-phosphate turns into glucose-6-phosphate
*uses phosphoglucose isomerase

76
Q

Step 11 of gluconeogenesis

A

glucose-6-phosphate turns into glucose
*uses glucose-6-phosphate
-H20 goes into this
-Pi goes out

77
Q

What regulates gluconeogenesis?

A

-pyruvate carboxylase (step 1)
-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (step 2 )
-fuctose1,6-biphosphate (step 9)
-glucose-6-phosphate (last step/11)

78
Q

What is pyruvate carboxylase activated by?

A

the breakdown of fat

79
Q

What is phosphoenolpyruvate activated by?

A

glucagon and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

80
Q

What is phosphoenolpyruvate deactivated by?

A

insulin

81
Q

What is fructose 1,6- biohsphatase activated by?

A

fructose 2,6-biphosphate

82
Q

What is glucose-6-phosphate deactivated by?

A

insulin

83
Q

What are normal levels of blood glucose?

A

4.5-5.5 mmol/L

84
Q

What average blood glucose levels after a meal?

A

6.5-7.2 mmol/L

85
Q

What are average blood glucose levels during starvation?

A

3.3-3.9 mmol/L

86
Q

Where does blood glucose come from?

A

-dietary carbohydrates
-liver glycogen
-gluconeogenesis

87
Q

Whats the lactate cycle?

A

lactate from the muscle/red blood cells
-leaves to enter the blood
-then the lactate goes to the liver
-then it is made into glucose through gluconeogenesis
-then it goes back to the beginning to repeat

88
Q

What happens with glycerol during the fasted state?

A

-glycerol in the adipose fat turns into
-fatty acids and glycerol
-then it goes into the blood
-then the liver
-then it is made into glucose and it goes back into the blood

89
Q

What happens with Amino acids typically during the starved sate?

A

-amino acids in the muscle
-go to the blood
-then the liver
-become glucose then enter the blood

90
Q

How is blood glucose regulated?

A

-transport
-glucokinase

91
Q

GLUT 2 role in regulation of blood glucose

A

only removes glucose from bloodstream when blood glucose is high
-will decrease BG

92
Q

GLUT 4 role in regulation of blood glucose

A

only removes glucose from the bloodstream when insulin is present (high BG)
-will decrease BG

93
Q

How does Glucokinase play a role in the regulation of blood glucose?

A

will convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate when there are high cellular concentrations of glucose
-high cellular concentrations of glucose in the cell when GLUT 2 is transporting glucose into the cell
*keeps glucose out of bloodstream to help decrease BG

94
Q

What cant go into the bloodstream?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

95
Q

What is insulin secreted by?

A

pancreatic b cells
-GLUT 2 transports glucose into these cells when there are high BG concentrations
-pancreatic b cells secrete insulin in order to lower BG

96
Q

How do pancreatic b cells parallel blood glucose concentrations?

A

-GLUT 4 expression
-activates glycogenesis & glycolysis (keeps it out of bloodstream bc both are using glucose)
-inhibits glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

97
Q

What is glucagon secreted by?

A

pancreatic a-cells
-anytime insulin is not present

98
Q

How does glucagon work to maintain BG levels?

A

-activates glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
-inhibits glycolysis(liver) & glycogenesis

99
Q

What are the anterior pituitary gland hormones?

A

-growth hormone
-ACTH

100
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

mobilizes energy sources to provide energy for growth
-breaks down fat
-activates gluconeogenesis

101
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

102
Q

What is the adrenal cortex hormone?

A

glucocorticoids
-stimulate gluconeogenesis

103
Q

What is the adrenal medulla hormone?

A

epinephrine
-activates glycogenolysis

Nutrition (9 decks)

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