Minerals Flashcards
What are minerals?
inorganic elements required as nutrients
-macro vs micro
-vary in quantities
What are the functions of calcium?
-second messenger
-enzyme activation
-bone mineralization
What happens when an animal is calcium deficiency?
impaired nerve and muscle function
What are the functions of phosphorus?
-bone mineralization
-oxidative phosphorylation
-acid base buffer
-DNA and RNA
What happens when an animal is phosphorus deficiency?
common where soil levels of P are low
-pica
- Ca:P ratio = 2:1 required for most species
What causes Rickets?
deficiency of Ca, P, or vitamin D
-spongy poor mineralized bone
What is rickets called in adults?
osteomalacia
What are the functions of magnesium?
-anion charge neutralization
-cellular energy metabolism
-ion channels
-second messenger
What happens when an animal is deficient in magnesium?
-grass tetany
-convulsions
-muscle twitching
What are the electrolytes?
Sodium, potassium, chloride
What are the functions of the electrolytes?
-nutrient transport
-membrane potentials
-extracellular fluid volume
What happens when an animal is deficient in electrolytes?
-irregular heart beat
-vomiting
diarrhea
What is the function of iodine
thyroid hormone synthesis
Idodine deficincy
goiter
What are the functions of selenium?
Selenoproteins
-gluthathione peroxidases
-deiodinases
-selenoprotein P
-selenoprotein W
What mineral has issues with toxicity and deficiency?
Selenium
Selenium toxicity
blind staggers, abnormal hoof and hair growth
Selenium deficiency
white muscle disease, liver necrosis
What is stored bound to ferritin, transported bound to transferrin
Iron
What are the functions of Iron?
-heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase)
-proteins with iron sulfur centers (aconitase)
What are the functions of zinc?
-Zn metalloenzymes
-zinc finger proteins
-lymphocytes
What happens with zinc deficiency?
-decreased growth
-dermatitis
What are the functions of copper?
-Cu Metalloenzymes
-Neutrophils and T lymphocytes
-Iron metabolism
-bone and vascular
What is ceruloplasmin?
allows for iron to bind to transferrin
What happens with copper deficiency?
-anemia
-hair depigmentation
-reduced growth
-ataxia
What are the functions of Manganese?
-Mn metalloenzymes
-cartilage formation
What happens with manganese deficiency?
-defective bone formation
-perosis in poultry (slipped tendon)
Zinc, Copper, Manganese
Superoxide dismutases
-catalyze reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
-glutathione peroxidase and catalyze reactions to convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
Sulfur
required for microbial synthesis of sulfur amino acids in rumen
What happens with sulfur deficiency?
reduced weight gain, poor wool growth
