Vitals

Question 1

Without fever:

Answer 1

Afebrile

Question 2

Substance or procedure that reduces a fever:

Answer 2

Antipyretics

Question 3

The act of listening for sounds within the body to evaluate the condition of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, pleura, intestines, or other organs or to detect the fetal heart sounds:

Answer 3

Ausculatory

Question 4

BMR… The heat produced by the body at absolute rest:

Answer 4

Basal metabolic rate

The average depends on the body surface area. Thyroid hormones also affect (when large amts of thyroid hormones are secreted, the bmr can increase 100% above normal).

Question 5

The pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart:

Answer 5

Blood pressure

It’s regulated by the homeostatic mechanisms of the body, by the volume of the blood, the lumen of the arteries and arterioles, and the force of cardiac contraction.

Question 6

Slower than normal heart rate:

Answer 6

Bradycardia

Contraction is less than 60 times per minute

Question 7

This provides instant information about how effectively CO2 is eliminiated by the pulmonary system:

Answer 7

Capnography

AKA end titled CO2 monitoring.

It also provides instant info on how effectively CO2 is transported through the vascular system, and how effectively CO2 is produced by cellular metabolism.

It is measured near the end of exhalation.

Question 8

The volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart, equal to the amount of blood ejected at each beat, multiplied by the number of beats in the period of time used for computation (usually 1 minute):

Answer 8

Cardiac output (CO)

Question 9

The transfer of heat from one object to another with DIRECT contact:

Answer 9

Conduction

Solids, liquids, and gases conduct heat through contact. When the warm skin touches a cooler object, heat is lost.

Question 10

The transfer of heat away by air movement:

Answer 10

Convection

A fan promotes heat loss through convection. The rate of heat loss increases when moistened skin comes into contact with slightly moving air.

Question 11

The relatively constant temperature of a human body:

Answer 11

Core temperature

Question 12

This is visible perspiration primarily occurring on the forehead and upper thorax:

Answer 12

Diaphoresis

For each hour of exercise in hot conditions 1/2 to 2 L of body fluid can be lost in sweat.

Question 13

Pertaining to the pressure at the instant of maximum cardiac relaxation:

Answer 13

Diastolic pressure

Acceptable range:

Question 14

A deviation from the normal pattern of the heartbeat:

Answer 14

Dysrhythmia

Question 15

Normal respirations that are quiet, effortless, and rhythmical:

Answer 15

Eupnea

Question 16

The transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to a gas:

Answer 16

Evaporation

The body continuously loses heat by evaporation. Approximately 600 - 900 mL a day evaporates from the skin and lungs, resulting in water and heat loss.

When body temps rise, the anterior hypothalamus signals the sweat glands to release sweat. It evaporates, resulting in heat loss. During exercise, over 80% of the heat produced is lost by evap.

Question 17

Pertaining to or characterized by an elevated body temperature:

Answer 17

Febrile

Question 18

Elevation in the hypothalamic set point so body temperature is regulated at a higher level:

Answer 18

Fever

Question 19

Vasoconstriction and damage to blood vessels caused by extreme cold on the skin and subcutaneous tissues:

Answer 19

Frostbite

First recognized by distinct pallor of exposed skin surfaces, particularly the nose, ears, fingers, and toes.

Vasoconstriction and damage to the blood vessels impair local circulation and cause anoxia, edema, vesiculation, and necrosis.

Question 20

.

Answer 20

Heat exhaustion

Question 21

.

Answer 21

Heatstroke

Question 22

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

Answer 22

Hematocrit

Question 23

.

Answer 23

Hypertension

Question 24

.

Answer 24

Hyperthermia

Question 25

.

Answer 25

Hypotension

Question 26

.

Answer 26

Hypothermia

Question 27

.

Answer 27

Hypoxemia

Question 28

.

Answer 28

Malignant hyperthermia

Question 29

This occurs primarily in neonates:

Answer 29

Nonshivering thermogenesis

Because neonates cannot shiver, a limited amount of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is metabolized for heat production.

Question 30

.

Answer 30

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 31

.

Answer 31

Oxygen saturation

Question 32

.

Answer 32

Perfusion

Question 33

.

Answer 33

Postural hypotension

Question 34

.

Answer 34

Pulse deficit

Question 35

.

Answer 35

Pulse pressure

Question 36

Fever:

Answer 36

Pyrexia

Occurs because heat-loss mechanisms are unable to keep pace with excessive heat production, resulting in an abnormal rise in body temperature.

Usually not harmful if it stays below 39 C (102.2 F) in adults or below 40 C (104 F) in children.

Fever determination is based on several temperature readings at different times of the day compared with the usual value for that person at that time.

Question 37

Substances that cause a rise in body temperature, as in the case of bacterial toxins:

Answer 37

Pyrogens

They act as antigens, triggering immune system responses. The hypothalamus reacts to raise the set point, and the body responds by producing and conserving heat. Several hours pass before the body temperature reaches the new set point.

Question 38

The transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without direct contact between the two:

Answer 38

Radiation

As much as 85% of the surface area of the human body radiates heat to the environment. Peripheral vasodilation increases blood flow from the internal organs to the skin to increase radiant heat loss. Peripheral vasoconstriction minimizes radiant heat loss.

Question 39

Involuntary body response to temperature differences in the body:

Answer 39

Shivering

The skele5tal muscle movement during shivering requires significant energy. Sometimes increases heat production 4 to 5 times greater than normal. The heat that is produced helps equalize the body temperature, and the shivering ceases.

In vulnerable patients shivering seriously drains energy sources, resulting in further physiological deterioration.

Question 40

An instrument for indirect measurement of blood pressure

Answer 40

Sphygmomanometer

BP cuff.

Question 41

The blood pressure measured during the period of ventricular contraction (systole):

Answer 41

Systolic pressure

When measuring BP, it is the higher of the two measurements.

Question 42

Heart contractions greater than 100 beats/min:

Answer 42

Tachycardia

Question 43

Physiological and behavioral mechanisms regulate the balance between heat lost and heat produced:

Answer 43

Thermoregulation

For the body temp to stay constant and within an acceptable range, various mechanisms maintain the relationship between heat production and heat loss.

Question 44

The process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs:

Answer 44

Ventilation

Question 45

Temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation are all referred to as:

Answer 45

Vital signs

Pain is a subjective symptom and is often called another vital sign.

These are indicators of health status. They measure the effectiveness of circulatory, respiratory, neural, and endocrine body functions.

Question 46

An abnormal condition characterized by a local or systemic lack of oxygen in body tissues:

Answer 46

Anoxia

May result from inadequate supply of O2 to the respiratory system, an inability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues, or a failure of the tissues to absorb the oxygen from the blood. (ex: frostbite)