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Visual Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the eyelid?

A

Protects the eye lmao

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2
Q

What are the tarsal glands?

A

Special sebaceous glands whose secretion stops evaporation of tears

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3
Q

What can happen is the tarsal glands are blocked?

A

Can lead to Chalazion

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4
Q

What results from an infection of the sebaceous gland of eyelashes?

A

A stye

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5
Q

Function of lacrimal gland?

Location?

A

Produces tears

Located beneath conjunctiva

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6
Q

What is the lacrimal glands made up of?

A

Tuboloacinar serous glands

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7
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland drain to?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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8
Q

What are the palpebrae and bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Thin mucous membrane

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9
Q

What is the histology of the palpebrae and bulbar conjunctive?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium w/ globet cells

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10
Q

What is the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Space b/w cornea and iri

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11
Q

What is the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Space b/w posterior surface of iris and anterior surface of lens

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12
Q

What is the vitreous chamber?

A

Space b/w posterior surface of lens and the neural retina

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13
Q

What does the vitreous chamber contain? For what purpose?

A

Vitreous humor to help maintain shape

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14
Q

What are the three tunics of the eye?

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Retina

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15
Q

What does the fibrous tunic consist of?

A

Cornea and sclera

Corneoscleral coat

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16
Q

Histologically, what is the sclera?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the funciton of the sclera?

A

◦ Support eye shape
◦ Protects delicate internal structures
◦ Extrinsic eye muscle attachment site

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18
Q

What is the cornea comprised of?

A

Two layers of epithelium w/ organized connective tissue

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19
Q

What is the funciton of the cornea?

A

Protect anterior surface of eye

Refract incoming light

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20
Q

What pierces the sclera?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and optic nerve

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21
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A
  1. Corneal epithelium
  2. Bowman’s membrane
  3. Corneal stroma
  4. Descemet’s membrane
  5. Corneal endothelium
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22
Q

What is the chief refractive element of the eye?

A

Cornea

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23
Q

Histologically, the corneal epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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24
Q

What does the corneal epithelium contain?

A

Stem cells for cornea in limbus region

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25
Q

What is bowmna’s membrane?

A

Anterior basement membrane

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26
Q

What is unique about hte corneal stroma?

A

Avascular

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27
Q

What is descemet’s membrane?

A

Posterior basement membrane

Very thick layer of corneal epithelium

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28
Q

Histologically, the corneal endothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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29
Q

What is the vascular tunic composed of? What is another name for it?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

Uvea

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30
Q

What is the iris composed of?

A

2 layer of smooth muscle (sphincter and dilator pupillae)

CT

central pupil

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31
Q

What does the iris form?

A

A contractile diaphragm in front of lens

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32
Q

What are the functions of the Iris?

A

Controls pupil diameter and amount of light entering light

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33
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Ciliary smooth muscle and ciliary processes covered w/ secretory epithelium

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34
Q

What is the funciton fo the ciliary body?

A

Holds suspensory ligaments to lungs

Change lungs shape for far and near vision

Epithelium secretes aqueous humor

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35
Q

What does the ciliary muscle drive?

A

Accomodation of lens

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36
Q

What is the function of the ciliary processes?

A

Secretes aqueous humor

Forms and anchors zonular fibers

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37
Q

What are the zonular fibers?

A

Form suspensory ligament of lens

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38
Q

What is the chorid?

A

Areolar connective tissue that is highly vascularized

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39
Q

What are the functions of the choirs?

A

Supplies nourishment to retina

Pigments absorbs extraneous light

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40
Q

What is the choroid composed of?

A

Inner vascular layer

Bruch’s membrane (thick amorphous ECM layer)

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41
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A

Pigmented layer

Neural layer

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42
Q

What is the pigmented layer of the retina composed of/

A

Pigmented epithelial cells

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43
Q

What is the funciton of the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

Absorbs extraneous light

Provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells

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44
Q

What is the neural layer of the retina composed of?

A

Photoreceptors
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cells
Supporting Muller cells

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45
Q

What is the function of the neural layer of the retina?

A

Detects incoming light rays

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46
Q

What is the lens?

A

Transparent, vascular, bi-contacted structure suspended by zonular fibers

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47
Q

What are the 3 components of the lens?

A

Capsule
Subcapsular lens epithelium
Lens fibers

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48
Q

What is the capsule mode of?

A

Flexible, elastic ECM

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49
Q

What do the cells of the subcapsular lens epithelium do?

A

Cells of periphery proliferate and migrate to make mature lens fibers cells

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50
Q

What are lens fibers filled with?

A

Crystalline

Loses all organelles

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51
Q

How is accomodation accomplished?

A

Ciliary muscle —> tension thru zonular fibers —> lens, flatten for distant or thicken for near vision

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52
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Loss of lens elasticity with age

Cannot do accomodation as well

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53
Q

What dilates the pupil?

A

Radial band muscle

54
Q

What constricts the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae msucle (circular band)

55
Q

Histologically how is the Pigemented layer of the retina composed?

A

Layer of simple cuboidal epithelial cells resting on Bruch’s membrane of the choroid

56
Q

What are the functions of the Pigm. Layer of Retina?

A

◦ Serves as blood-neural retinal barrer from choroid
◦ Absorbs stray light
◦ Phagocytosis membranous discs shed from rods and cones
◦ Isomerizes all trans-retinol to 11-cis retinal, transporting it back to photoreceptors

57
Q

Does the neural layer of the retina have photo sensory ability?

A

Yes has rods and cones

58
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

A blind spot in retina where otic nerves from ganglion layer exit the eye

59
Q

What are the Neural retina layers?

From brain to world

A
  1. Outer limiting membrane
  2. Outer nuclear layer
  3. Outer plexiform layer
  4. Inner nuclear layer
  5. Inner plexiform layer
  6. Ganglion layer
  7. Layer of optic nerve fibers
  8. Inner limiting membrane
60
Q

What does the optic nerve fibers consist of?

A

Processes of ganglion cells

61
Q

What is the inner limiting membrane of the neural retina?

A

Basement membrane of muller cells

62
Q

What visual pigment do rods have?

A

Rhodopsin

63
Q

What visual pigment do cones have?

A

Iodopsin

64
Q

Which photoreceptor cells are more sensitive?

A

Rods

65
Q

What is the general strucutre of rods and cones?

A

Outer segment
Connecting stalk
Inner segment

66
Q

Where do we see no photoreceptors?

A

Optic disc

67
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Place of sharpest visual acuity

No vessels, cell bodies or axons of gland lion ic and inner nuclear layer (no junk)

68
Q

What do we see the highest concentration of cones?

A

Fovea centralis

69
Q

Where is the muscle lutea?

A

Surrounding the fovea

70
Q

What are the functions of the Macula Lutea ?

A

Antioxidant properties
Short wave UV filter
Protects cones of fovea

71
Q

Where is the optic disc?

A

At head of optic nerve

72
Q

What axons make up the optic nerve?

A

Axons of retinal ganglion cells

73
Q

When do axons of the retinal ganglion cells become myelinated?

A

As axons pass thru sclera oligodendrocytes will myelinate

74
Q

What does the optic nerve penetrate? On its way to what?

A

Choroid and sclera

On its way to the brain

75
Q

What is the blood supply to the retina?

A

Ophthalmic artery branch

Central retinal artery

76
Q

What cells form the dilator pupillae muscle?

A

Myoepithelial cells

77
Q

What does the iris stroma contain?

A

Melanocytes

78
Q

What is unique about hte lens capsule

A

It is an acellular layer

79
Q

Where is the lends suspended?

A

Behind the iris and its central pupil

80
Q

How is the lens suspended?

A

Ciliary zonular of fibrillin fibers produced by epithelial cells covering the ciliary body

81
Q

What do cells of the RPE absorb?

A

Scattered light

82
Q

What are the functions cells of the RPE?

A

Form part of a blood-retina barrier

Regenerate 11-cis-retinal

Phagocytosis shedded discs from rods

Support rods and cones

83
Q

What do rod cells detect?

A

Light intensity

84
Q

What is the outer segment of cone cell seen as?

A

Conical outer segment

85
Q

What are the cone cells receptors for?

A

Primary colors (light of different wavelengths)

86
Q

How are rod cells composed?

A

Stacked membrane discs, densely packed with rhodopsins w/ bound retinal

87
Q

What is the RCL closest to?

A

Retina pigmented epithelium

And ONL

88
Q

What does the outer pigemented layer contain?

A

Photoreceptor’ s axons connected in synapses w/ dendrites of various integrating neurons whose cell bodies form the inner neural layer

89
Q

Where do axons from cells int he Inner Nuerla layer form synapses?

A

In the Inner Pigmeneted layer with neurons of the Ganglionic layer

90
Q

What does the ganglionic layers send axons thru? To reach what?

A

Thru the layer of optic nerve fibers (NLF)

To the optic nerve

91
Q

What is the function of the visual system?

A

Photoreceptive retina forms a light image

92
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A

Visual field —> retina —> lateral genicular body

93
Q

What forms the otic tract?

A

fibers from lateral retina (ipsilateral eye) + fibers from medial retina (contralateral eye)

94
Q

Why does the optic tract have fibers from both eyes?

A

brings together info from comparable areas of both retina

—-> GIVES DEPTH PERCEPTION

95
Q

Where does te optic tract terminate?

How do they terminate?

A

LGN

In a precise retinotopic pattern

96
Q

What is a visual field?

A

Area that a person can see when both eyes are fixed in one position

97
Q

What is a retinal field?

A

location on retina that an object in the visual field is projected to

98
Q

Where is the object of attention focused and centered at?

A

Fovea centralis

Macula lutea

99
Q

What two zones are the visual fields divided into?

A

Binocular zone

Monocular zones

100
Q

What is the binocular zone of the visual field?

A

Broad central region seen by both eyes

101
Q

What are the monocular zones of the visual fields?

A

R or L Area seen only by corresponding eye

102
Q

How is the retina divided?

A

Into hemifields

And further into quadrants

103
Q

What is projected onto the LLQ of the retina?

A

Upper right visual field

104
Q

How is the image formed on the retina?

A

Inverted both laterally and vertically

105
Q

Why is the image formed on the retina inverted laterally and vertically?

A

Due to partial decussation of CN2 at optic chiasm

106
Q

What is the pathway of light to vision?

A

Light —> retina —> optic nerve —> optic tract —> LGN in thalamus —> optic radiation fibers —> primary visual cortex

107
Q

What are optic radiations?

A

Large bundle of myelinated fibers of 2ndary neuron from LGN

108
Q

Where do optic radiations travel to ?

What is this pathway called?

A

Priamry visual cortex (striate cortex).

On the upper and lower banks fo the calcarine sulcus

—> Geniculostriate or Geniculocalcarine pathway

109
Q

Where do the lower quadrants of the optic radiations go?

A

Dorsomedial LGN —> retrolenticular limb —> superior bank of calcarine sulcus on cuneus

110
Q

Where do the upper quadrants of the optic radiations go?

A

Ventrolateral portion of LGN —> arch up and into white matter of temporal lobe (forming a broad U-turn = Meyer Loop)

111
Q

How do you get the “Pie in the Sky” phenomenon?

A

Lesion to Meyers loop

112
Q

Where is the macula represented?

A

In LGN and Visual cortex (in region of occipital pole)

113
Q

How do the fibers from LGN representing the lower half half of the visual field course?

A

course above to terminate in visual cortex above Calcarine sulcus

114
Q

How do the fibers from LGN representing the upper half of the visual field course?

A

course to temporal lobe’s Meyers loop and terminate below Calcarine sulcus

115
Q

What does retinotopic organization mean?

What does this allow for?

A

Precise, point to point relationship b/w retina and visual cortex

Can pinpoint a lesion based on where you have visual deficits

116
Q

What are homonymous visual fields?

A

Overlapping fields (both left halves etc)

117
Q

What are heteronymous visual fields?

A

Non overlapping fields

118
Q

What are congruous lesions?

A

Lesions that present as symmetrical to that of the other eye

119
Q

What are incongruous lesions?

A

Lesions that do not produce a symmetrical visual field loss

120
Q

What is more likely to result in a

Congruous visual field defect?

Incongruous visual field defect?

A

Congruous: if lesion is close to visual cortex

Incongruous: if lesion is in optic tract or optic radiations

121
Q

What will a lesion before the chiasm affect

A

Ipsilateral eye

122
Q

What will a lesion at the chiasm affect?

A

Lateral edges of vision

Heteronymous visual field deficits

123
Q

What will a lesion behind the chiasm cause?

A

Homonymous visual field deficits

124
Q

What can visual field defects be caused by?

Acutely?
Chronically?

A

Acute: infarcts/CVA

Chronic: mass effect from tumor

125
Q

What is monocular blindness?

Cause by?

A

Total loss of vision in one eye

Lesion of optic nerve before chiasm

126
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

Due to?

A

Outer visual fields are missing

Lesion at optic chiasm

127
Q

What is homonymous hemianopia?

Caused by?

A

Both right or left sides of vision are missing

Lesion at optic tract

128
Q

What causes contralateral superior quadrantanopia? Or pie in the sky?

A

Lesion at temporal lobe to meyer’s loop

129
Q

What causes incongruent contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing?

A

Lesion of upper banks of calcarine fissure

130
Q

What is binasal hemianopia?

Caused by?

A

Inner aspects of visual fields are missing

Could be caused by calcified ICAs or hydrocephalus
Anything that impinges on those lateral fibers of the optic nerve or optic tract

.. (19 decks)

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