Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

.. > Development Of The Brain > Flashcards

Development Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

When and where does the neural plate and neural groove develop?

A

Week 3

On posterior aspect of the Trilaminar embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What induces the development of the neural plate and neural groove?

A

Notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does Neurulation begin?

A

Week 4

22-23 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the cranial 2/3rds of the neural plate form?

A

Future brain

4th pair of somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the caudal 1/3 of the neural plate form?

A

Future spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the 5th somite form?

A

Neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does the cranial neuropore close?

A

Day 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does the caudal neuropore close?

A

Day 27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the origin of the neural plate and neural groove?

A

Neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the brain develop from? And when?

A

3rd week from neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Cranial to 4th pair of somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are primary brain vesicles formed from?

A

Fusion of neural fold in cranial regions
&
Closure of rostral neuropore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during the 5th week?

A

Secondary brain vesicle form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What secondary brain vesicles are formed from the

Forebrain?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What secondary brain vesicles are formed from the

Midbrain?

A

None - stays as the Mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What secondary brain vesicles are formed from the

Hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the adult derivates that come from the

Telencephalon?

A

Walls: cerebral hemispheres

Cavities: lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the adult derivates that come from the

Diencephalon?

A

Wall: Thalami

Cavities: Third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the adult derivates that come from the

Mesencephalon?

A

Walls: midbrian

Cavities: aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the adult derivates that come from the

Metencephalon?

A

Walls: Pons & cerebellum

Cavities: upper part of 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the adult derivates that come from the

Myelencephalon?

A

Walls: medulla

Cavities: lower part of the fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during the 5th week?

A

Secondary brain vesicles form

Embryonic brain grows rapidly

Bends ventrally with the head fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the bending of the brain produce?

A

Midbrain flexure

Cervical flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the cervical flexure?

A

Hindbrain- SC junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What produces the pontine flexure?

A

Unequal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the pontine flexure?

A

Meten - myelencephalon junction

This is what eventually moves cerebellum up and over the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the first flexure to form?

A

Mesencephalic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the junction of the cervical flexure?

A

At level of superior rootlet of C1

Roughly at foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the pontine flexure do?

A

Divide the hindbrain into

Metencephalon (pons and cereb.)

&

Myelencephalon (medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the cavity of the hindbrain produce?

A

Fourth ventricle

Central canal in medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In the caudal myelencephlon what do neuroblasts in the alar plate do?

A

Migrate into marginal zone

Form nuclei Gracilus & Cuneatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are nuclei Gracilus and Cuneatus?

A

Sensory nuclei that associate w/ paired, afferent tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the pyramids of the myelencephalon?

A

Ventrally located structures consisting of CST fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the pontine flexure do in the rostral myelencephalon?

A

Causes walls of medulla to move laterally, thinning the roof plate

Cavity is now made and will be part of future 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the alar plates of the myelencephalon compared to the basal plates?

A

Alar plates are more lateral

Makes motor nuclei develop medial to sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do the neuroblasts in the basal plate of the medulla develop into?

A

Motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do the nuclei of the basal plate organize?

A

GSE
SVE
GVE

(GVE - closest to sulcus limitans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are neuroblasts in the alar plates of the medulla arranged?

A

GVE
SVA
GSA
SSA

(SSA is farthest from sulcus limitans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What will some neuroblasts of the alar plates do?

A

Migrate ventrally and form neurons in the Olivary nuclei *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Of the basal columns, what does the GSE column consist of?

A
  • Nucleus of CN 12 in caudal most rhombencephalon
  • CN 6 more cranially in rhombencephalon

• Cn 4 in most cranial rhombencephalon
◦ Will later be displaced into caudal midbrain

• CN 3 in mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Of the basal columns, what does the SVE column consist of?

A
  • 3 nuclei serving ns. 5, 7 ,9-11 confined in rhombencephalon
  • Cn 5 and 7 = cranially located in rhombencephalon
  • CNs 9, 10, 11 = caudally located in rhombencephalon, supplied by Nucleus Ambiguus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Of the basal nuclei, what does the GVE column consist of?

A

• 2 nuclei in rhombencephalon
◦ Salivatory nucleus
‣ Pre-g parasympathetic to salivary and lacrimal glands

	◦ Dorsal Nucelus of vagus
			‣ Caudal to salivatory nucelus 
			‣ Pre-g parasympathetic to CN 10 to innervate viscera

• In mesencephalon
◦ Edinger-WEstphal nucleus
‣ CN3 - constrict eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Of the alar columns, what does the GVA column consist of?

A
  • Nucleus receiving interocetpive info

* Via CN 9 and 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Of the alar columns, what does the SVA column consist of?

A

• Nucleus of Tractus Solitarius
◦ Taste impulses
◦ Via CN 7, 9, 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Of the alar columns, what does the GSA column consist of?

A

• Neurons receiving impulses from general sensation from:
◦ CN 5 - areas of face
◦ Cn 7 - areas of face
◦ Cn 5, 7, 9, 10 - oral, nasal, external auditory, and pharyngeal/laryngeal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Of the alar columns, what does the SSA column consist of?

A

• Cochlea and Vestibular Nuclei ◦ Cn 8

◦ Special senses of balance and hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

In the Metencephalon what does the pontine flexure do?

A

Forces walls of pons laterally, spreading grey matter in floor of 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does the cerebellum develop?

A

From the metencephalon’ s dorsal parts of alar plates

Cerebellar swellings project into the fourth ventricle and fuse in median plane

Overgrown rostral 4th ventricle and overlaps pons and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What covers the ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle?

What is this derived from?

A

Pia mater

Hindbrain Mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What forms the tela choroidea?

A

Pia + ependymal roof

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the tela choroidea?

A

Sheet of Persia covering the lower part of the 4th ventricle that invaginates the 4th ventricle to form the choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the choroid plexus derived from?

A

Neuroepithelium

55
Q

What does the stroma of the choroid plexus develop from?

A

Mesenchymal cells

56
Q

Where do plexuses similar to the choroid plexus develop?

A

Roof of 3rd ventricle

Medial walls of lateral ventricles

57
Q

What forms the median and lateral apertures?

A

Invagination of the 4th ventricle’s roof in 3 location and the subsequent rupture of it

58
Q

What is the function of the median and lateral apertures?

A

Permit CSF to enter subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

59
Q

How do the superior and inferior colliculi form?

A

From midbrain neuroblasts of alar plates migrating into the tectum (Roof)

60
Q

What do neuroblasts of the basal plate of the midbrain form?

A

Tegmental nuclei

61
Q

What are the tegmental nuclei in the midbrain?

A

Red nuclei
Reticular nuclei
CN 3 and 4 nuclei

62
Q

What is the superior colliculi pathway?

A

Superior colliculi —> branchium of the sup. Colliculi —> lateral genicular nucleus —> sight

63
Q

What is the inferior colliculi pathway?

A

Inferior colliculi —> branchium of the inferior colliculi —> medial geniculate nucleus —> hearing

64
Q

What forms the substantia nigra?

A

EITHER basal or alar plates of midbrain

Still debated

65
Q

How does the crus cerebri form?

A

Fibers growing form the cerebral cortex form the cerebral peduncles

66
Q

How does the cerebral aqueduct form? What does it do?

A

Neural canal narrows

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

67
Q

What odes the diencephalon form?

A

Thalami from 3 swellings in the lateral walls of the third ventricle

(Thalami = thalamus, epi, hypo)

68
Q

What does the epithalamus sulcus do?

A

Separates thalamus and epithalamus

69
Q

What does the hypothalamic sulcus do?

A

Separates thalamus and hypothalamus

70
Q

How does the thalamus develop?

A

Develops on each side of third ventricle and fuses at midline forming interthalamic adhesion or Mass Intermedia

71
Q

How often does the interthalamic adhesion form?

A

70% of the time

20% of the time, Massa Intermedia is absent

72
Q

What forms the hypothalamus?

A

Neuroblasts in the intermediate zone of the diencephalon

73
Q

What develops in the hypothalamus?

A

Endocrine and homeostatic nuclei develop

Mammillary bodies form on ant. Surface

74
Q

What makes the majority of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

75
Q

How does the epithalamus develop?

A

From roof and dorsal portion of the lateral walls

Swelling originally quite large but become small

76
Q

How does the pineal gland develop?

A

Develops as a median diverticulum of the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon

Will proliferate in its walls, converting it into a solid, cone-shaped gland

77
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Regulate sleep and wake cycles

78
Q

What two diverticulum does the pituitary gland develop from?

A

Hypophyseal diverticulum

Neurohypophyseal diverticulum

79
Q

What is the hypophyseal diverticulum derived from?

A

Surface ectoderm since it is an upgrowth of roof of stomodeum

80
Q

What is the neurohypophyseal diverticulum derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm since it is a downgrowth from the diencephalon

81
Q

Where is the hypophyseal diverticulum located during week 3?

A

Wk 3 = near floor of diencephalon

82
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Stalk that passes between the developing bones of the cranium to the posterior pituitary gland

83
Q

How is the anteiror pituitary gland attached to the brain?

A

It’s not!

84
Q

When does the hypophyseal diverticulum’s connection to the oral cavity degenerate?

A

Week 6

85
Q

How does sella turcica develop?

A

Forms around the pituitary gland and makes that nice little saddle

86
Q

What two things will the hypophyseal diverticulum make?

A

Pars anterior

Pars tuberalis

87
Q

What will the neurohypophyseal diverticulum make?

A

Median eminence

Infundibulum

Pars nervosa

88
Q

What is the derivation of the anteiror pituitary gland?

A

Oral surface ectoderm

89
Q

What is the derivation of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neuroectoderm

90
Q

What does the telencephlonconsist of?

A

Median part

2 telencephalic/cerebral vesicles

91
Q

What do the telencephalic/cerebral vesicles give rise to?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

92
Q

What does the median cavity of the telencephalon form?

A

Anterior 3rd ventricle

93
Q

What appears at the closure of the rostral neuropore?

A

Optic vesicles appear; will give rise to retina and optic nerves

94
Q

How do cerebral hemispheres communicate with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Intervetnricular foramina

95
Q

Why do the cerebral hemispheres become C -shaped?

A

Due to cortex rapidly proliferating while deep nuclei do not

Thus impacting shape of ventricles

96
Q

What forms at the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere where is it continuous with the roof of the third v?

A

Choroid plexus

97
Q

What covers the diencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres will meet each other int he midline and medial surfaces flatten

98
Q

What gives rise to the falx cerebri?

A

Mesenchyme trapped in the longitudinal fissure after the cerebral hemispheres meet each other medially

99
Q

What is holoprosencephaly (HPE)?

What can it cause?

A

Incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres

Defect in forebrain development causing facial anomalies bc reduction of the FNP

100
Q

What are the facial anomalies seen with Holoprosencephaly?

A 
Cyclopes
Premaxillary agenesis
Proboscis
Single nostril
Hypotelorism (close set eyes)
Facial clefts
101
Q

How common is holoprosencephaly?

A

Severe and common defect

1: 250 fetuses (although most spont. Abort)
1: 15,000 neonates

102
Q

What can cause Holoprosencephaly?

A

Over 12+ genetic loci have been implicated

All inhibit cholesterol synthesis

103
Q

What are the cerebral commissures?

A

Groups of nerve fibers interconnecting the cerebral hemispheres

(White matter tracts)

104
Q

What is the lamina terminalis found int he cerebral commissures?

A

At rostral end of forebrain

Where most of the white matter commissures form

105
Q

Which commissures form first?

A

Anterior commissure

Hippocampal commissure

106
Q

What does the anteiror commissure do?

A

Interconnects olfactory bulb w/ hemispheres

107
Q

What does the hippocampal commissure do?

A

Connects hippocampal formations

108
Q

How does the corpus callosum form?

What does it do?

A

Anterior portions form first, posterior portions form in fetal life

Links hemispheres along their length

109
Q

What does the lamina terminalis form?

A

Stretched and forms septum pellucidum

110
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

Thin plate of brain tissues containing nerve cells and fibers that separates the R and L lateral ventricles

111
Q

What is the posterior commissure?

A

White matter tract connecting R and L temporal lobes

112
Q

What is agenesis of corpus callosum?

Sxs?

A

Complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum

May be asymptomatic, seizure and mental deficits common

Assoc. w/ over 50 human congenital syndromes

113
Q

How is gyri formed?

A

From infolding of the cortex

114
Q

How do sulci and gyri develop?

A

Growth of cortex

115
Q

What do sulci and gyri allow?

A

Increased surface area without increased the volume of the neurocranium

116
Q

The brain at birth is only about what % of its adult volume?

A

25%

117
Q

How does the brain grow postnatally?

A

Neurons increase in size

Myelination of axons

Additional growth and infolding if you learn to play musical instruments, etc.

118
Q

When does the brain reach its final size?

A

7 years old

119
Q

What are the zones of histogenesis for the cerebral cortex?

A

Ventricular
Intermediate
Marginal

&&&

*subventricular (!!!)

120
Q

How are cortical layers of the cerebral cortex layer down?

A

From deep to superficial

Neurons will migrate thru deep and establish more superficial layers

Inside out development

121
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

Incomplete neuronal migration to cerebral cortex during 3-4 mos. gestation

Abnormal migration of those subventricular layers to outside

122
Q

What is the incidence of Lissencephaly?

A

1:100,000 live births

123
Q

What are the characteristics of Lissencephaly?

A

Smooth cerebral surface w/
Pachygyria
Agyria
Neuronal heterotopia

Enlarged ventricles and malformation of corpus callosum too

124
Q

What is pachygyria?

A

Broad, thick gyri

125
Q

What is agyria?

A

Lack of gyri

126
Q

What is neuronal heterotopia?

A

Cell in aberrant positions compared to a normal brain

127
Q

How does Lissencephaly present?

A

Initially - appear normal

Later - develop seizure, profound mental deficiency, and mild spastic quadriplegia

128
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder where calvaria and brain are small but face is normal sized

129
Q

What is the result of microcephaly?

A

Significant mental deficiencies due to brain underdevelopment

130
Q

What does microcephaly result from?

A

Reduction in brain growth

No brain growth = no pressure of bones = small neurocranium

131
Q

What is the incidence of microcephaly?

A

1:25,000 infants/yr in the US

132
Q

What are the causes of microcephaly:?

A

Automakers recessive primary microcephaly

Ionizing radiation

Infectious agents (cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, toxoplasma gondii)

Maternal alcohol abuse

133
Q

What do neural crest cells contribute to the development of?

A

Schwann cells

.. (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions