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Gross Brain, Brain Stem, And Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial meninges?

What do they do?

A

3 dense regular CT layers

Separate soft tissue of brain from bones of cranium

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2
Q

Functions of Cranial Meninges (3)?

A

‣ Enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain

‣ contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

‣ Form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain

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3
Q

What are the layers of the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

A

‣ Dura Mater
‣ Arachnoid Mater
‣ Pia Mater

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4
Q

What is the composition of

Dura mater?

A

‣ Tough membrane composed of 2 fibrous layers

‣ Strongest

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5
Q

What are the layers of the dura mater?

A
  • Periosteal layer: more superficial layer, attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones
  • Meningeal layer: deep to the periosteal layer

‣ meningeal layer fuses to periosteal

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6
Q

What can the 2 layers of Dura Mater form?

A

dural venous sinuses

When meningeal and periosteal layer become separated

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7
Q

What is an epidural hematoma from?

How will it appear on a CT?

A

Ruptured middle meningeal a.

Will look like a “lens” on a CT

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8
Q

What is the composition of the arachnoid layer?

A

‣ Composed of web of collagen and elastic fibers = arachnoid trabeculae

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9
Q

What is between the arachnoid and dura mater layers?

When is this formed?

A

Potential space - Subdural space

Only occurs when an accel/deacell. Event has happened and caused a bleeding from a bridging v.

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10
Q

How does a Subdural hematoma appear on a CT?

A

Crescent shaped

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11
Q

What space is found deep to the arachnoid layer of meninges?

What is found in here?

A

Subarachnoid space

CSF

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12
Q

How does a subarachnoid hemorrhage occur?

How does it appear on a CT?

A

Hemorrhage from cerebral artery; berry aneurysm

Spiderweb

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13
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Innermost meninges

Adheres to brain and follow contour of brain

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14
Q

What are the 12 CNs?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory n.
  12. Hypoglossal
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15
Q

What brainstem nuclei give rise to the modalities in

CN 3?

A

GSE - nucleus f oculomotor n. In mesencephalon

GVE - edinger-westphal nucleus (paras.)

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16
Q

What brainstem nuclei give rise to the modalities in

CN 4?

A

GSE - Nucleus of Trochlear N. In Mesencephalon

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17
Q

What brainstem nuclei give rise to the modalities in

CN 5?

A

GSE: motor nucleus of trigeminal n.

SVE: Principal sensory nucleus of CN 5;
Mesencephalic Nucleus of Trigeminal n.; Spinal Nucl. Of Trigeminal N.

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18
Q

What brainstem nuclei give rise to the modalities in

CN 6?

A

GSE: Nucleus of Abducens N.

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19
Q

What brainstem nuclei give rise to the modalities in

CN 7?

A

GSA: Rostral Nucleus, cadual nucleus?

GVE: Superior salivatory nucleus

SVA: solitary tract nucleus

SVE: Nucleus of Facial N. (In lower part of pontine tegmentum)

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20
Q

What is the floor of the fourth ventricle divided into?

What divides them?

A

Medial part = basal lamina

Lateral part = alar lamina

Sulcus limitans

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21
Q

What nuclei lie in the basal lamina?

A

Motor nuclei (efferent)

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22
Q

What nuclei lie in the alar lamina?

A

Sensory nuclei (afferent nuclei)

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23
Q

Where does visceral nuclei lie in the alar and basal lamina?

A

In both:

Visceral nuclei (SVE, GVE, SVA, GVA) lie closer to sulcus limitans than somatic nuclei

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24
Q

What is the sequence of the nuclear column from midline to lateral?

What lamina of the floor of the 4th ventricle are they in?

A

From median sulcus of 4th entirely to lateral aspect

GSE —> SVE—> GVE

(GSE closest to median sulcus)
(GVE is farther from median sulcus but next to sulcus limitans)

Basal lamina (medial pat)

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25
Q

What is the sequence of nuclei on the alar lamina?

A

On other side of sulcus limitans..

GVA—> SVA—> GSA—> SSA

(SSA is farthest from sulcus limitans laterally)

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26
Q

Where does the CN 1 originate from?

A

Olfactory bulb

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27
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb? What does it control?

A

Forebrain

Controls olfaction

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28
Q

Where does CN 2 originate from?

Where does it transmit to?

A

Retina

Transmits visual impulses to visual cortex (occipital lobe)

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29
Q

What nuclei make up the GSE column?

A

3, 4, 6, 11, 12

Oculomotor nucleus

Trochlear nucleus

Abducens nucleus

Hypoglossal nucleus

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30
Q

What nuclei make up the SVE column?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

Motor nucleus of Trigeminal N. (Pons)

Nucleus of facial N.
(Pontine tegmentum)

Nucleus ambiguus
(Medulla)
(9, 10, and 11 receive fibers from this)

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31
Q

What nuclei make up the GVE column?

What do they give origin to?

A

Give origin to preganglionic fibers

3, 7, 9, 10

Edinger-westphal nucleus (midbrain)

Superior and inferior Salivatory Nuclei (dorsal part of pons)

Dorsal vagal nucleus (Vertical in medulla)

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32
Q

What nuclei make up the GVA and SVA columns?

A

GVA: 9, 10
SVA: 1, 7, 9, 10

Nucleus of solitary tract (medulla) (9 and 10)

Commissural nucleus of vagus (10)

Gustatory nucleus (in upper part of solitary tract, for SVA [taste] for 7, 9, 10)

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33
Q

How does the commissural nucleus of the vagus nerve form?

A

Fibers from solitary tract end here and fuse together

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34
Q

What nuclei make up the GSA column?

A

GSA: 5, 7, 9, 10

Principle sensory nucleus of the trigeminal n. (Pons)
-for proprioceptive impulses, touch and pressure

Spinal nucleus of Trigeminal N.
(Extends from main nucleus in pons down to medulla, continuous with substantia of spinal cord)
-receives GSA from 7, 9, 10; mediates pain and thermal sensibility

Mesencephalic Nucleus of Trigeminal N.
(Main nucleus in pons to midbrain)
-center for jaw jerk, proprioceptive impulses from Ms. of mastication

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35
Q

What nuclei make up the SSA column?

A

2, 8

2 cochlear nuclei
- dorsal and ventral nucleus
(At level of pontine medullary junction)

Vestibular nucleus
(Partly in medulla partly in pons)

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36
Q

What are the 3 sub-nuclei of the spinal nucleus?

A

Oralis

Interpolaris

Caudalis

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37
Q

What are the 4 nuclei of the vestibular nucleus?

A

Medial

Lateral (aka Deiter’s nucleus)

Inferior

Superior vestibular nuclei

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38
Q

Where does the nucelus of the solitary tract mainly send fibers to?

Where does it receive fibers from?

A

From: 7, 9, 10

Send to: hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex

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39
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Collection of spinal and cranial Ns. Whose branches convey messages to and from the CNS

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40
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord?

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41
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

Forebrain
Cerebellum
Brain stem

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42
Q

What composes the forebrain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

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43
Q

Where is the brainstem?

A

Between forebrain and spinal cord

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44
Q

What is “Grey matter”?

A

Areas w/ neuronal/glial cell bodies and dendrites

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45
Q

What is “White matter” ?

A

Areas where there is a collection of axons, many myelinated

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46
Q

What is a nuclei?

A

Collections of cell bodies w/ common function

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47
Q

What is a “cortex”?

What are examples?

A

Layers of grey matter over other parts of CNS

Cerebral and cerebellum vortices

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48
Q

What are other terms for white matter?

A

Fascicles, funiculars, lemniscus, peduncle, tract

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49
Q

What are the 2 parts to the name of a tract?

A

1st: location of neuronal cell bodies from which axons originate
2nd: site of axon termination

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50
Q

What does central white matter consist of?

A 
Arcuate fibers
Longitudinal/Association fasciculi
Projection tracts
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
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51
Q

What do arcuate fibers do?

A

Connect cortical areas within

SAME sulci/gyri

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52
Q

What do longitudinal/association fasciculi do?

A

Connect cortical areas within

SAME Hemisphere

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53
Q

What do projection tracts do?

A

Connect cortical areas within

OTHER Body Regions

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54
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

How many axons does it contain?

A

Interconnects 2 cerebral hemispheres

~250 million axons

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55
Q

What does the anterior commissure do?

A

Commissural fibers to and from temporal lobe

Esp. Inferior parts

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56
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Ridge of cortical tissue

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57
Q

What is a sulcus? Fissure?

A

Groove located b/w gyri

Fissure = deep sulci

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58
Q

What does the folding seen in brain do?

A

Increase total cortical area and total number of cortical neurons

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59
Q

What are the 4 prominent sulci?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate sulcus

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60
Q

What is the limbic lobe?

A

Strip of cortex that encircles telencephalon-diencephalon junction

(Between corpus callosum, and F, P, and O lobes)

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61
Q

What does the frontal lobe contain generally?

A

Motor areas

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62
Q

What are the gyri in the

Frontal lobe?

A

Precentral

Superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri
On lateral surface

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63
Q

What does the precentral gyrus house?

A

Primary motor cortex

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64
Q

What are the function of the primary motor cortex?

Where do you find this cortex?

A

In precentral gyrus

Planning and initiating voluntary movements

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65
Q

What lobe is broca’s area in?

What does it do?

A

Left Frontal lobe

Motor aspects (Production) of written and spoken language

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66
Q

What gyrus is Broca’s area in?

A

Opercular and triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus

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67
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex?

Function?

A

Frontal lobe

Executive functions - personality,d excision making, insight and foresight

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68
Q

What does the parietal lobe contain generally?

What gyri doe it have?

A

Somatosensory areas

Post-central gyrus
Superior/inferior parietal lobules

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69
Q

What is the function of the post central gyrus?

What lobe do you find it in?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex to process tactile and proprioceptive info and sensory localization

Parietal lobe

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70
Q

What does the inferior parietal lobule do?

Where do you find this?

A

Language comprehension

Usually left hemisphere

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71
Q

What other functions does the parietal lobe assist in that is not tactile, propioceptive, sensory, or language comprehension?

A

Not assoc. w/ any structure

Remain does spatial orientation and directing attention

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72
Q

What is a Homonculus?

A

Somatotopic map that is spatially distorted along central sulcus (post central gyri)

Reflects amt. of innervation to a given body area

73
Q

Where is genitalia on a homunculus map?

A

Most medial

74
Q

Where are toes for the motor cortex of homunculus map?

A

Most medial

75
Q

What is most inferior along precentral gyri on homunculus?

A

Motor to Tongue then swallowing

76
Q

What is most inferior along the post central gyri for homunculus?

A

Somatosensory to pharynx and intra-abdominal

77
Q

What is generally contained in the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory areas

78
Q

What are the gyri found in the temporal lobe?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior temporal gyri

Occipitotemproal gyrus (fusiform)

79
Q

What are the 4 functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Wernicke’s area
  3. High order processing of visual info
  4. Learning and memory
80
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex specifically?

A

Superior surface of temporal lobe

Continues as small are of superior temporal gyrus

81
Q

Where is wernicke’s area specifically?

What does it do?

A

Posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus (left hemisphere) of temporal lobe

Comprehension of lingual
(Supramarginal and angular gyri also)

May also be a bit in parietal

82
Q

Where does higher order processing of visual info in the temporal lobe occur?

A

Inferior surface

83
Q

Where does learning and memory in the temporal lobe occur?

A

Most medial part

84
Q

What are the gyri in Limbic lobe?

A

Cingulate gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

85
Q

What are the 3 structures found in the limbic lobe?

A

Uncus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

86
Q

Where is the uncus in the limbic lobe?

A

Anterior end of parahippocampal Grus that hooks back on itself to form medial bump

87
Q

Where is the hippocampus in limbic lobe?

A

At hippocampal sulcus, folding into temporal lobe

88
Q

Where is the amygdala in the Limbic lobe?

A

Beneath the uncus

89
Q

What are the functions of the Limbic lobe?

A

Important in emotional responses, drive-related behavior, memory

90
Q

What is the insula?

A

Additional area of cerebral cortex

91
Q

Where is the Insula found?

A

Buried in the lateral sulcus

Concealed with portions of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

92
Q

When can you see the insula?

A

Pry open the lateral sulcus and remove opercula

93
Q

What is the opercula?

A

Portion of temporal, frontal or parietal lobes that cover insula

94
Q

What outlines the insula?

What does it do?

A

Circular sulcus

Marks borders w/ the opercular areas of cortex

95
Q

What are the gyri found in occipital lobe?

A

Lateral occipital gyri found on lateral surface

96
Q

What 3 structures does the occipital lobe contain?

A

Cuneus

Primary visual cortex

Visual association cortex

97
Q

What is the Cuneus of the Occipital lobe?

A

Wedge shaped area bounded w/ parietooccipital and calcarine sulci

98
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

In the walls of the calcarine sulcus

99
Q

Where is the visual association cortex?

What is its function?

A

Remainder of occipital lobe (not already taken by cuneus or primary visual cortex)

Involved in higher order processing of visual info

100
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter structure divided into limbs, each with specific fiber groups

101
Q

What does the internal capsule contain? And what does it do?

A

Most of the fibers interconnecting cerebral cortex and deep structures of thalamus
Basal nuclei
Brainstem

102
Q

What does the internal capsule physically separate?

A

Physically separates lenticular nuclei from thalamus and caudate

103
Q

What limbs is the internal capsule divided into?

A 
Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb
Sublenticular limb
Retrolenticular limb
104
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate and lenticular nuclei that lies deep to cerebral cortex in each hemisphere

105
Q

What is the lenticular nucleus divided into?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

106
Q

What separates the lenticular nuclei from the thalamus and the caudate?

A

Thick sheet of fibers ==

The Internal Capsule

107
Q

What is included in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

108
Q

Where are mammillary bodies located?

A

Two rounded protuberance on the inferior surface of hypothalamus

109
Q

What is the role of the brain stem?

A

Major role in cranial nerve functions and convey info to and from forebrain

110
Q

What is in the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

111
Q

What are the major structures in hte midbrain?

A

Tectum

Superior and inferior colliculi

Cerebral peduncles

112
Q

Where are the Quadgeminal colliculi located?

A

Paired superior and inferior colliculi behind cerebral aqueduct

113
Q

What are the structures of the

Pons

A

Basal pons

Pontine tegmentum

114
Q

What does the pontine tegmentum assist in?

A

Forming part of floor of 4th ventricle

115
Q

What does the open rostral part of the medulla contain?

A

Part of 4th ventricle

116
Q

What is the caudal closed part of the medulla continuous with?

A

Spinal cord

117
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Sensory info processing

Influences motor neurons

118
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

Abnormalities of

Equilibrium
Postural control
Coordination of voluntary movements

119
Q

What are the transverse ridges present on the cerebellum?

120
Q

What is the cerebellum divided into?

A

Lobes and lobules

121
Q

Where is white matter in the cerebellum?

A

Medullary center

Both afferent and efferent fibers

122
Q

Which CN exit SOF?

A

3, 4, v1, 6

123
Q

What CNs exit the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CNs 7 and 8

124
Q

What CNs exit the jugular foramen?

125
Q

Where does the spinal component of CN 11 exit?

A

Foramen magnum

126
Q

What is the arterial supply to the internal capsule?

A

Mostly fed by lenticular striae arteries

Except anterior choroidal artiers that feed posterior and retrolenticular limbs

127
Q

What does the insula function in?

128
Q

What is the function of the parahippocampus and Hippocampus?

A

Learning and Memory

129
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Fear and emotion

130
Q

How do posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?

A

Via posterolateral sulcus

Shallow longitudinal groove

131
Q

How do anterior roots leave the SC?

A

Via anterolateral sulcus

132
Q

What and where is the substantia gelatinosa?

A

Posterior horn of SC

Region of grey matter that caps posterior horn

133
Q

What is contained in the body of the posterior horn?

A

Interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic adn visceral SENSORY info

134
Q

Where and what is Lissauer’s tract?

A

Posterior horn

White matter b/w substantia gelatinosa and surface of SC

135
Q

Where and what is Clark’s nucleus?

Aka Posterior thoracic nucleus

A

Cells on medial surface of the base of the posterior horn from T1 to L2

Role in sensory processing
Treated as part of the posterior horn

136
Q

Where is White matter and grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Outside: white

Inside: grey

137
Q

Where is white and grey matter in the brain?

A

White: inside

Grey: outside

138
Q

What is in the anterior horn of the SC?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons supplying skeletal muscles

139
Q

What is role of anterior horn?

A

Provide cns control over body movements (both vol. and involuntary.)

140
Q

WHat is the anterior horn influenced by to modulate movements?

A

Different pathways

141
Q

What is the intermediate gray matter seen in SC?

A

Collection of various projection neurons, sensory interneurons, and interneurons

142
Q

What forms the lateral horn?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L3 in the intermediolateral cell column

Will only see it in thoracic!!

143
Q

How do axons leave the lateral horn?

A

Via ventral roots?

144
Q

Does the parasympathetic nucleus form a distinct horn from S2-S4?

145
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 1?

A

Marginal zone

Thin layer of gray matter covering the substantia gelatinosa

146
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 2?

A

Substantia gelatinosa

147
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 3-6?

A

Body of the posterior horn

148
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 7?

A

Corresponds to intermediate gray matter (incl. Clarke’s nucleus)

Also includes extensions into anterior horn

149
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 8?

A

Comprises some of the interneurons zones of the Anterior Horn

150
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 9?

A

Consists of clusters of Motor Neurons embedded in the Anterior horn

151
Q

Of the spinal cord gray matter, what is

Lamina 10?

A

Zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal

152
Q

Marginal Zone Nucleus:

Levels?
Lamina?
Function?

A

All levels

Lamina 1

Some Spinothalamic tract cell

153
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

All levels

Lamina 2

Modulate transmission of pain and temperature information

154
Q

Body of posterior horn nucleus:

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

All levels

Lamina 3-6

Sensory processing

155
Q

Clarke’s nucleus:

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

T1-L2

Lamina 7

Posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

156
Q

Interomediolateral column nucleus :

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

T1-L3

Lamina 7

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

157
Q

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus:

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

S2-S4

Lamina 7

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons —> pelvic viscera

158
Q

Accessory Nucleus:

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

Medulla -C5

Lamina 9

Motor Neurons —> SCM and Traps

159
Q

Phrenic nucelus:

Levels?

Lamina?

Function?

A

C3-C5

Lamina 9

Motor neurons —> diaphragm

160
Q

What conveys info to/from the CNS?

A

Primary afferents = to

Lower motor neurons = from

161
Q

Where do primary afferents terminate in the CNS?

Contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

On second order neurons

Most are IPSILATERAL

162
Q

Where do Lower motor Nuerons convey info to?

A

To skeletal msucle

163
Q

Where do the second order neurons go from the CNS after being activated by primary afferent?

A

To a target in the CNS

Can cross the midline

164
Q

What do third order neurons do?

A

Relay the message to the final target in specific cortical area

Cortex will decide on given output

165
Q

How are tracts named?

A

According to

Location of cell body of origin

&

Final destination

166
Q

What are 3 ascending tracts?

A

Posterior columns

Spinocerebellar tracts

Anterolateral system (ALS)

167
Q

What is the function of the posterior column?

Ascending or descending ?

A

Ascending

Conveys ipsilateral proprioceptive, tactile, and vibratory info from body (NOT FACE)

168
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts?

Ascending or descending ?

A

Ascending

Info relays to cerebellum, thalamus, and motor cortex to influence efficiency of motor activity

(Postural and motor control)

169
Q

What is the function of the anterolateral system?

Ascending or descending ?

A

Ascending

Relays pain, temp, and nondiscriminative touch from body (NOT Face)

170
Q

What are 3 descending tracts?

A

Corticospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

Rubrospinal fibers

171
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

Ascending or descending ?

A

Descending

Controls voluntary, fine movements of the musculature

172
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

Ascending or descending ?

A

Descending

Influence motor neurons innervation go primarily axial and neck musculature

173
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal fibers?

Ascending or descending ?

A

Descending

Excite Flexor motor neurons

Inhibit Extensor motor neurons

(At neck)

174
Q

Where does the posterior column MEdial Lemniscus pathway cross?

What is it for?

A

In caudal medulla (brainstem)

Touch/propioception

175
Q

Where does the Spinothalamic pathway cross?

What is it for?

A

Immediately goes into SC and crosses

Pain/temperature

176
Q

Where does the corticospinal pathway cross?

What is it for?

A

Crosses at Medulla

Voluntary motor output

177
Q

Where is wernicke’s area?

A

Posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus

And supramarginal and angular gyri too

178
Q

What does wernicke’s area do?

A

Comprehension of language

.. (19 decks)

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