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Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movements
Maintains posture
Motor learning and procedural memory

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2
Q

What kind of input does the cerebellum receive?

A

Sensory input but does not discriminate nor interpret what the sensory input it

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3
Q

Will a lesion to the cerebellum lead to muscle paralysis ?

A

Not usually

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the cerebellum?

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granular layer
White matter layers

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5
Q

Where is the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

What cells are w/in it?

A

Gray matter next to pial surface

Very few neurons, cell bodies of basket cells and stellate cells

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6
Q

What is contained in the purkinje layer?

A

Gray matter of the cerebellum w/ purkinje cell bodies

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7
Q

What layer is the granular layer of the cerebellum?

What odes it contian?

A

Deepest layer

Granule and golgi cells

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8
Q

All the neurons in the gray matter of the cerebellum are inhibitory, except for which?

A

Granule cells

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9
Q

What do purkinje cells do?

Efferents or afferents?

NTR released?

A

Efferents
Inhibit cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei

GABA

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10
Q

What do Granule cells do?

Efferents or afferents?

NTR released?

A

Efferents

Smallest but only excitatory neuron

Glutamate

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11
Q

What do Stellate cells do?

Efferents or afferents?

Characterization?

A

Efferent;

Synapse w/ purkinje and inhibit them

Star shaped dendrites

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12
Q

What are golgi cells?

NTR?

Characteristics?

A

Inhibitory neurons that release GABA

Large cell body w/ short axons

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13
Q

What do axons of basket cells synapse with?

A

With purkinje cells

Inhibit them

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14
Q

What two cells synapse with purkinje cells to inhibit them?

A

Stellate cells

Basket cells

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15
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the cerebellum?

A

Mossy and climbing fibers

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16
Q

What do climbing fibers synapse w/ ?

A

Purkinje cell

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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17
Q

Where do climbing fibers originate from?

A

Inferior olive

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18
Q

What do climbing fibers convey info about?

A

Movement ERRORS to cerebellum

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19
Q

What do mossy fibers synapse w/?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Granule Cells

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20
Q

Where are mossy fibers from?

A

(Everywhere but inferior olive)

Sc, RF, vestibular system, and pontine nuclei

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21
Q

What type of info do mossy fibers convey to cerebellum

A

Somatosensory
Arousal
Equilibrium
Cerebral cortex motor into

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22
Q

What are the 3 functional division of cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
Spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
Cerebrocerebellum (pontocerebellum)

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23
Q

What makes up the vestibulo-cerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe (flocculus and Nodulus)

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24
Q

What is the input to the vestibulocerebellum?

Output to?

A

Info from vestibular receptors, from visual areas

Output to vestibular nuclei

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25
What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?
Balance equilibrium eye movements neck and trunk movements (postural ms. Of head and body)
26
What makes up the spinocerebellum?
Vermis and paravermal regions
27
What info comes into the spinocerebellum?
Somatosensory info | Visual auditory, vestibular info
28
In spinocerebellum, Where does somatosensory info go? Where does visual, auditory and vestibular info go?
Somatosensory —> Medial UMNs —> medial tracts Vis., Aud., Vestibulo., —> lateral UMNs —> lateral tracts
29
Where are all medial tracts? What are they?
All in anterior funiculus Medial reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, corticospinal, and lateral vestibulospinal
30
What are the lateral tracts?
Rubrospinal | Lateral reticulospinal, corticospinal
31
What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?
Important for gait and station | Axial and lower extr. Movement
32
What comprises the cerebrocerebellum?
Lateral hemispheres of cerebellum
33
What in the input to the cerebrocerebellum ? Via what?
Input from cerebral cortex Via pontine nuclei
34
What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum?
Coordination Planning Timing (Mainly for UE)
35
How do afferents enter the cerebrocerebellum?
Via MCP
36
How do afferents enter the spinocerebellum?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
37
How do afferents enter the vestibulocerebellum?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
38
What type of afferent fibers are those going into the spinocerebellum? From what tract?
All mossy fibers ASCT PSCT Cuneocerebellar
39
What type of afferent fibers are those going into the vestibulocerebellum? From what tracts?
Mossy fibers Vestibular nucleus and CN 8
40
What type of afferent fibers are those going into the cerebrocerebellum? Form what tracts?
Mossy fibers from.. - cortico-pontocerebellar - Cortico-reticulocerebellar Climbing fibers from ... cortico-olivocerebellar fibers
41
What region of the body does the ASCT and PSCT carry info from?
Leg
42
What region of the body does the Cuneocerebellar tract carry info from?
Arm
43
What is the pathway of the PSCT?
1st order axons via DRG and ascends in Gracile Fasciculus Synapses in Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke 2nd order axons ascend in PSCT Enter inferior cerebellar peduncle to go to Spinocerebellum (spinocerebellum will send out via medial or lateral tracts)
44
What is the pathway of the cuneocerebellar tract?
1st order axons via DRG enters SC and ascends in Cuneate Fasciculus Synapses in Accessory Cuneate Nucleus in lower medulla 2nd order axons ascends in CunC T. Enter via ICP to spinocerebellum
45
What is the pathway of the ASCT?
1st order from intermediate gray matter crosses via AWC to ASCT Ascends to SCP Crosses again to Cerebellum
46
How do most efferent fibers leave the cerebellum?
Via the SCP from globose, emobliform and dentate nuclei
47
What goes thru MCP?
Afferents from pontine Nuclei relayed by cortex
48
What makes up the ICP?
Juxtarestiform body | Restiform body
49
What ar the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?
Dentate Fastigial Emboliform Globose
50
What are the “interposed nuclei”
Globose and Emboliform nuclei
51
How is info transmitted from the functional divisions of the cerebellum to the deep nuclei?
Via purkinje fibers
52
What does the vestibulocerebellum bypasses? How? And to where?
Bypasses deep nuclei of cerebellum Via purkinje fibers To vestibular nucleus
53
What deep nuclei does the cerebrocerebellum send efferent purkinje cells to?
Dentate Interposed
54
What deep nuclei does the spinocerebellum send efferent purkinje cells to?
All of them
55
What deep nuclei does the vestibulocerebellum send efferent purkinje cells to? Where else?
Fastigial nucleus Also to vestibular nucleus but without going thru deep nuclei
56
Where does the dentate nucleus send efferents to?
Red nucleus —> RuT. VLN of thalamus —> OPPOSITE MOTOR CORTEX —> CST
57
Where does the interposed nuclei send efferent to?
Red nucleus —> RuT Red nucleus —> inf. Olivary nucleus —> olivocerebellar fibers to correct motor errors VLN of thalamus —> Motor cortices —> CST
58
Where does the fastigial nucleus send info to?
Reticular formation —> reticulospinal tract (for posture) Vestibular nucleus —> Vestibulospinal tract (extensor)
59
What will a unilateral lesion to the cerebellum cause? Why?
Cause ipsilateral ataxia Bc crosses to opposite motor cortex —> CST which will CROSS AGAIN (Now on same side again)
60
What will a lesion to the vestibulocerebellum cause?
Nystagmus Truncal ataxia Titubation (truncal instability) Cannot tandem walk
61
What will a lesion of the spinocerebellum cause?
Problems with gait Truncal ataxia - wide base, staggering base
62
What will a lesion to the cerebrocerebellum cause?
``` Dysarthria Scanning speech Ataxic gait W/ tendency to fall TOWARD lesion Decomposition of movements Appendicular ataxia ```
63
What are the manifestations of appendicular ataxia?
Dysdiadochokinesia Dysarthria - scanning speech Dysmetria Action tremors Hypotonia Decomposition of movement
64
What is dysdiadochokinesia?
Inability to rapidly alternate movements
65
What is dysmetria?
Inability to accurately move an intended distance
66
What is an action tremor?
Shaking of the limb during voluntary movement
67
What is the vestibulocerebellum a connection between?
B/w vestibular system and flocculonodular lobe
68
What is the spinocerebellum a connection b/w?
B/w curators and proprioceptive info coming from SC to vermis and paravermis regions
69
What does the cerebrocerebellum connect?
Connection bw/ cerebral cortices and cerebellum
70
What is common to all lesions of the cerebellum
Ataxia
71
What is ataxia?
Voluntary, normal strength, jerky and inaccurate movements Wide based, guarding, tend to fall to side of lesion “Druken sailor gait”
72
What is midline ataxia? What causes this?
Ataxia syndromes caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar diseases Truncal instability w/ Titubation and gait ataxia
73
Where is the Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke?
Gray matter from C8-L2
74
What is cerebellar ataxia vs. sensory ataxia?
Both will have a positive Romberg test But Cerebellar will have normal vibratory sense, etc. Sensory will have abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes due to damage at Posterior Columns
75
What should you do to test the function of the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum?
Station Walking Tandem gait
76
How should you test the cerebrocerebellum functions?
``` Rapid alternating movements Finger to nose Toe to finger Heel to shin Rebound and check reflex Speech Ataxia ```

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