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Neurology and Neuroscience > Visual System - Anatomy > Flashcards

Visual System - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Label an image of an eye.

A

Must include: pupil, iris, sclera, medial/lateral canthus, caruncle, limbus, eyelids, palpebral fissure,

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2
Q

List types of tears.

A

basal
reflex
emotional

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3
Q

Describe afferent innervation to the lacrimal system.

A

cornea, cranial nerve V1 – ophthalmic trigeminal

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4
Q

Describe efferent innervation to the lacrimal system.

A

parasympathetic

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter involved in the lacrimal system?

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

Where are tears produced?

A

lacrimal gland

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7
Q

Tears drain through what?

A

two puncta, openings on medial lid margin

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8
Q

Tears flow through (?) to gather in the (?).

A

superior/inferior canaliculi

tear sac

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9
Q

From the tear sac, tears exit through (?) into (?).

A

tear duct

nasal cavity

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10
Q

Function of the tear film?

A

Maintains smooth cornea-air surface
Oxygen supply to Cornea (no blood vessels)
debris removal
bactericide

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11
Q

The tear film is composed of how many layers? Name them from superficial to deep.

A

superficial lipid layer
aqueous tear film
mucinous layer

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12
Q

Superficial lipid layer is produced by?

A

Meibomian glands along lid margins

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13
Q

What is the conjuctiva?

A

Thin, transparent tissue that covers the outer surface of the eye

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14
Q

What does the conjuctiva cover?

A

It begins at the outer edge of the cornea, covers the visible part of the eye, and lines the inside of the eyelids

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15
Q

Is the conjuctiva vascularised?

A

yes

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16
Q

List the layers of the coat of the eye from superficial to deep.

A

sclera
choroid
retina

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17
Q

Describe the sclera.

A

hard & opaque
protective outer layer
high water content

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18
Q

Describe the choroid.

A

pigmented

vascular

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19
Q

Describe the retina.

A

neurosensory tissue

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20
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent, dome shaped window covering the front of the eye, low water content

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21
Q

What is the cornea’s function?

A

refracting surface

2/3 of eye’s focusing power

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22
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A 
epithelium
Bowman's membrane
stroma
Descemet's membrane
endothelium
23
Q

Function of endothelium of cornea

A

pumps fluid out of corneal and prevents corneal oedema

24
Q

What is uvea?

A

Vascular coat of eyeball and lies between the sclera and retina

25
Q

The uvea is composed of?

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

26
Q

What is the purpose of the iris?

A

controls light levels inside the eye similar to aperture on a camera

27
Q

Opening of the iris is the?

A

pupil

28
Q

Structure of the lens?

A

Outer acellular capsule

Regular inner elongated cell fibres – transparency

29
Q

When the lens loses transparency with age, it’s called?

A

cataracts

30
Q

List functions of the lens.

A 
Transparency
Regular structure
Refractive Power
1/3 of the eye focusing power - higher refractive index than aqueous fluid and vitreous
Accommodation
Elasticity
31
Q

What is the retina responsible for?

A

capturing the light rays that enter the eye

32
Q

Light impulses are sent to the brain from the retina via?

A

optic nerve

33
Q

Where does the optic nerve reach the retina?

A

back of the eye near the macula, visible portion called optic disc

34
Q

Where is the macula located?

A

roughly in the centre of the retina

35
Q

What is the macula responsible for?

A

detailed central vision

36
Q

What is the fovea?

A

centre of the macula

37
Q

What are the concentration of rods and cones in the fovea?

A

highest conc of cones

lowest conc of rods

38
Q

Describe central vision. How is it assessed?

A

Detail day vision, colour vision
Reading, facial recognition
Loss of foveal vision – Poor visual acuity

39
Q

How is central vision assessed?

A

Assessed by visual acuity assessment

40
Q

Describe peripheral vision.

A

Shape, movement, night Vision
Navigation vision
Extensive loss of visual field – unable to navigate in environment, patient may need white stick even with perfect visual acuity

41
Q

How is peripheral vision assessed?

A

Assessed by visual field assessment

42
Q

Describe the layers of the retina.

A

outer
middle
inner

43
Q

Outer layer of the retina

A

photoreceptors

detection of light

44
Q

Middle layer of the retina

A

bipolar cells

local signal processing (improves contrast sensitivity, regulate sensitivity)

45
Q

Inner layer of the retina

A

retinal ganglion cells

transmission of signal from the eye to the brain

46
Q

What are the two classes of photoreceptors?

A

rods

cones

47
Q

Rods

A

longer outer segment with photo-sensitive pigment
100 times more sensitive to light than cones
Slow response to light
Responsible for night vision (Scotopic Vision)
120 million rods

48
Q

Cones

A

Less sensitive to light, but faster response
Responsible for day light fine vision and colour vision (Photopic Vision)
6 million cones

49
Q

S cones capture what colour?

A

blue

50
Q

M cones capture what colour?

A

green

51
Q

L cones capture what colour?

A

red

52
Q

What is deuteranomaly/Daltonism?

A

most frequent form of colour blindness

53
Q

Which colour are people with deuteranomaly unable to perceive?

A

red

54
Q

What is the term used to describe full colour blindness?

A

achromatopsia

Neurology and Neuroscience (15 decks)

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