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Neurology and Neuroscience > Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Covers the entire surface of the brain

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2
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

deep nuclei

grey matter

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3
Q

The cerebral cortex is folded into…

A

gyri

sulci

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4
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised?

A

into lobes

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex is organised into what on a microscopic level?

A

Layers

Columns

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6
Q

List the layers of the cerebral cortex.

A 
Molecular
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal 
Multiform
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7
Q

What is cytoarchitecture?

A

Grouping of regions based on cell size, spacing, packing density and layers

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8
Q

List the lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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9
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Regulating/initiating motor function, language, cognitive function, attention, memory

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10
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation (touch, pain)
Sensory aspects of language
Spatial orientation and self perception

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11
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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12
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information, emotions, memories

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13
Q

The limbic lobe includes?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Mammillary body
Cingulate gyrus

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14
Q

The limbic lobe is concerned with?

A

Learning
Memory
Motivation
Reward

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15
Q

Insular cortex lies where?

A

Deep within lateral fissure

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16
Q

The insular cortex is concerned with?

A 
Visceral sensation
Autonomic control
Interoception
Auditory processing
Visual-vestibular integration
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17
Q

What makes up the grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

Glial cells

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18
Q

What makes up the white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged into tracts

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19
Q

White matter tracts connect?

A

Cortical areas

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20
Q

Association fibres connect?

A

Areas within the same hemisphere

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21
Q

Commissural fibres connect?

A

Homologous structures in left and right hemispheres

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22
Q

Projection fibres connect?

A

Cortex with lower brain structures (thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord)

23
Q

Superior longitudinal fasciculus connects which lobes?

A

Frontal

Occipital

24
Q

The accurate fasciculus connects which two lobes?

A

Frontal and temporal

25
Q

The inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects which two lobes?

A

Temporal

Occipital

26
Q

The uncinate fasciculus connects which two lobes?

A

Frontal and temporal

27
Q

List examples of commissural fibres.

A

Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

28
Q

Corona radiata?

A

a white matter sheet that continues inferiorly as the internal capsule and superiorly as the centrum semiovale

29
Q

Projection fibres converge through (?) between (?) and (?).

A

Internal capsule
Thalamus
Basal ganglia

30
Q

Compare/contrast primary and secondary(association) cortices.

A

1’ function predictable, organised topographically, symmetry between left and right
2’ function less predictable, not organised topographically, left/right symmetry weak or absent

31
Q

List motor areas in the frontal lobe.

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplementary area
Premotor area

32
Q

Primary motor cortex controls?

A

Fine, discrete, precise voluntary movement

33
Q

Supplementary area is involved in?

A

Planning movement

34
Q

Premotor area involved in?

A

Planning complex movements

35
Q

List important sensory cortices in the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory

Somatosensory association

36
Q

Function of primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Process sensations from receptors e.g. fine touch, vibration, proprioception, pain, temp, two point discrimination

37
Q

Somatosensory association cortex function?

A

Interpret significance of sensory info, awareness of self and personal space

38
Q

List cortices in the occipital lobe.

A

Primary visual

Visual association

39
Q

List cortices in the temporal lobe.

A

Primary auditory

Auditory association

40
Q

List other important association areas.

A

Broca’s area
Prefrontal cortex
Wernicke’s area

41
Q

Function of Broca’s area

A

Production of language

42
Q

Function of wernicke’s area?

A

Understanding of language

43
Q

Function of prefrontal cortex

A

Attention, adjusting social behaviour, planning, personality expression, decision making,

44
Q

Symptoms of frontal lobe lesions?

A

Changes in personality, inappropriate behaviour

45
Q

Symptoms of parietal lobe lesions?

A

Contralateral neglect, lack of awareness of self/extra personal space

46
Q

Cortical function after lesion in lateral temporal lobe

A

Agnosia, inability to recognise

47
Q

Cortical function after lesion in medial temporal lobe

A

Can’t form new memories, anterograde amnesia

48
Q

Lesions to Broca’s area causes?

A

Expressive aphasia

49
Q

Lesions to Wernicke’s area causes?

A

Receptive aphasia

50
Q

Lesions in primary visual cortex causes?

A

Blindness in corresponding part of visual field

51
Q

Lesions visual association cortex?

A

Deficit in interpretation of visual info e.g. face blindness (prosopagnosia)

52
Q

Two types of imaging for assessing cortical function

A

PET scan > blood flow to certain region

fMRI > amount of blood oxygen in region

53
Q

Two types of encephalography for assessing cortical function

A

EEG measures electrical signals in the brain

MEG measure magnetic signals in the brain

54
Q

Two types of brain stimulation for assessing cortical function

A

TMS

tDCS

Neurology and Neuroscience (15 decks)

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