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Neurology and Neuroscience > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

hierarchical organisation (motor control)

A

higher order > more complex tasks e.g. programme/decide movement, coordinate muscle activity
lower order > low level tasks e.g. execution of movement

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2
Q

functional segregation (motor control)

A

motor system organised is a number of different areas for different aspects of movement

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3
Q

Draw a flow chart/diagram of the motor system hierarchy.

A

> = arrows from
motor cortices > cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem spinal cord
basal ganglia > thalamus > motor cortices
cerebellum > thalamus, brainstem
thalamus > motor cortices
brainstem > spinal cord, muscles of face, head, neck
spinal > muscles of body

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4
Q

The major descending tracts can be grouped into?

A

Pyramidal

Extrapyramidal

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5
Q

List examples of pyramidal tracts.

A

corticospinal

corticobulbar

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6
Q

List examples of extrapyramidal tracts.

A

vestibulospinal
tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal

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7
Q

Pyramidal tracts run from where to where?

A

motor cortex to spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

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8
Q

Pyramidal tracts control what type of movements?

A

voluntary movements of body and face

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9
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts control what type of movements?

A

involuntary movements for balance, posture, locomotion

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10
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus, anterior to central sulcus

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11
Q

Primary motor cortex controls?

A

fine discrete precise voluntary movements

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12
Q

Where is the premotor area located?

A

anterior to primary motor cortex

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13
Q

Premotor area is involved in?

A

planning movements

regulates externally cued movements

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14
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area located?

A

anterior and medial to primary motor cortex

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15
Q

The supplementary motor area is involved in?

A

planning complex movements
becomes active prior to voluntary movement
internally cued movements

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16
Q

Describe the path of the corticospinal tract.

A

upper motor neurons > cerebral peduncle > 85-90% decussation in medullary pyramids > splits into lateral and anterior tracts > lower motor neurons (ant > trunk) (lat > limb)

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17
Q

Corticobulbar tracts is the principal motor pathway for?

A

voluntary movements in the face and neck

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18
Q

Functions of the vestibulospinal tracts?

A

stabilise head, coordinate head with eyes, mediate postural adjustments

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19
Q

Function of reticulospinal tract?

A

from med. to pons, change in muscle tone associated with voluntary movement, postural stability,

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20
Q

tectospinal tract runs from?

A

superior colliculus of midbrain

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21
Q

tectospinal tract is involved in?

A

orientation of head and neck during eye movements

22
Q

Rubrospinal tract runs from?

A

red nucleus of the midbrain

23
Q

Functions of rubrospinal tract

A

innervate lower motor neurons of upper limb flexors

24
Q

negative signs of upper motor neuron lesion?

A

loss of voluntary motor fx
paresis (graded weakness)
paralysis

25
Q

positive signs of upper motor neuron lesion?

A

^ abnormal motor fx (loss of inhibitory input)
spasticity
hyper reflexia
clonus (abnormal oscillatory muscle contraction)
Babinski’s sign

26
Q

What is apraxia?

A

disorder of skilled movement, lost info on how to perform skilled movements

27
Q

Lesions is what regions cause apraxia

A

inferior parietal lobe

frontal lobe

28
Q

Most common causes of apraxia?

A

stroke

dementia

29
Q

Lesions of lower motor neurons cause?

A

weakness, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, muscle atrophy, fibrillation, fasciculations

30
Q

Upper motor neuron signs of MND

A

spasticity, brisk limbs/jaw reflexes, Babinski sign, loss of dexterity, dysphagia, dysarthria

31
Q

lower motor neuron signs of motor neuron disease

A

weakness, muscle wasting, nasal speech, dysphagia, tongue fasiciculations / wasting

32
Q

Function of caudate nucleus

A

decision to move

33
Q

Function of lentiform nucleus

A

assists the cerebellum in coordinating small, precise muscle movements
(with the caudate nucleus forms the striatum which is part of the basal ganglia)

34
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

region of the base of the brain that consists of three clusters of neurons (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus) > thalamus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, anterior commisure

35
Q

Parkinson’s disease is the degeneration of (?) neurons that originate from (?) and projects to (?)

A

dopaminergic
substantia nigra
striatum

36
Q

Symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

bradykinesia, hypomimic face, akinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest

37
Q

Huntington’s disease is the degeneration of (?) neurons in the (?) (?) (?)

A

GABAergic
striatum
caudate
putamen

38
Q

What genetic abnormality causes Huntingdon’s disease?

A

autosomal dominant
chromosome 4
CAG repeats

39
Q

Symptoms of Huntingdon’s

A 
choreic movements
speech impairment
difficulty swallowing
unsteady gait
cognitive decline 
dementia
40
Q

Ballism is usually from?

A

stroke affecting subthalamic nucleus

41
Q

Symptoms of ballism

A

sudden uncontrolled flinging of the extremities,

symptoms occur contralaterally

42
Q

Cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by?

A

tentorium cerebelli

43
Q

Motor function of cerebellum

A

coordinator and predictor of movement

44
Q

Function of vestibulocerebullum?

A

Regulation of gait, posture and equilibrium

Coordination of head movements with eye movements

45
Q

Tumour of vestibulocerebellum causes what?

A

syndrome similar to vestibular disease leading to gait ataxia and tendency to fall (even when patient sitting and eyes open)

46
Q

Function of spinocerebellum?

A

Coordination of speech
Adjustment of muscle tone
Coordination of limb movements

47
Q

Damage to spinocerebellum done usually by?

A

degeneration and atrophy associated with chronic alcoholism

48
Q

Damage to spinocerebellum affects what?

A

affects mainly legs, causes abnormal gait and stance (wide-based)

49
Q

Function of cerebrocerebellum?

A

Coordination of skilled movements
Cognitive function, attention,
processing of language
Emotional control

50
Q

Damage to cerebrocerebellum mainly affects?

A

mainly arms/skilled coordinated movements (tremor) and speech

51
Q

What are the main signs of cerebellar dysfunction apparent only on movement?

A

ataxia (loss of full control of body movements)
dysmetria (impaired ability to estimate distance in muscular action)
intention tremor (when attempting precise movement)
scanning speech (staccato)
dysdiadochokinesia (impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements)

52
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

helps control eye movements

role in motivation, decision making and memory

Neurology and Neuroscience (15 decks)

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