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Neurology and Neuroscience > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Ear is divided into what sections?

A

outer
middle
inner

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2
Q

Where is the ear located?

A

embedded in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

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3
Q

List functions of the outer ear.

A 
capture sound (focus on tympanic membrane)
amplify some frequencies (resonance in the canal)
protect ear from external threat
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4
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

amplification (typanic membrane > oval window) due to decrease in SA, uses leverage from incustapes joint to ^ force

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5
Q

Hearing part of the inner ear is?

A

cochlea

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6
Q

Function of the cochlea?

A

transduction of vibration into nervous impulses

produces frequency and intensity analysis

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7
Q

what are the three compartments of the cochlea?

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media

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8
Q

What are the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?

A

Bony structures, contain perilymph (high in sodium)

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9
Q

What is the scala media?

A

Membranous structure, contains endolymph (high in potassium).

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10
Q

What important organ is located in the scala media?

A

hearing organ or Organ of Corti

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11
Q

Organ of Corti lies in what structure?

A

basilar membrane

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12
Q

How is the basilar membrane organised?

A

tonotopically (basically like a xylophone, sensitive to different frequencies along its length)

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13
Q

Organ of Corti contains what hair cell types?

A

inner hair cells

outer hair cells

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14
Q

How are inner hair cells arranged?

A

on one column

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15
Q

How are outer hair cells arranged?

A

on three columns

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16
Q

What is located above the hair cells?

A

tectorial membrane

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17
Q

What does the tectorial membrane do?

A

allows hair deflection which in turn depolarises the cell

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18
Q

Which hair cell type is in contact with the tectorial membrane?

A

outer hair cell

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19
Q

What information does the inner hair cell carry?

A

95% of the afferent information of the auditory nerve

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20
Q

What is the function of the IHC?

A

transduction of the sound into nerve impulses

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21
Q

What information does the OHC carry?

A

95% of the efferent information of the auditory nerve

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22
Q

What is the function of the OHC?

A

modulation of the sensitivity of the response

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23
Q

Hairs of the hair cells are called?

A

stereocilia

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24
Q

Deflection of the stereocilia towards the cilium will do what?

A

open K+ channels

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25
Q

The opening of K+ channels leads to what?

A

depolarises the cell and neurotransmitter is liberated

26
Q

Higher amplitudes of sound will cause a greater or lesser deflection of streocilia?

A

greater

27
Q

Depolarisation of the cell opens or closes K+ channels?

A

opens K+ channels

28
Q

Spiral ganglions from each cochlea project via which nerve?

A

auditory vestibular nerve (VIII)

29
Q

Do the spiral ganglions project to the contralateral or ipsilateral cochlear nuclei?

A

ipsilateral

30
Q

Auditory information crosses at what level?

A

superior olive level

31
Q

After the crossing, all connections become?

A

bilateral

32
Q

Define frequency/pitch. What are the units?

A

cycles per second, perceived tone

Hz

33
Q

Define amplitude/loudness. What are the units?

A

sound pressure, subjective attribute correlated with physical strength
dB

34
Q

What is the human range of hearing?

A

Frequency: 20–20,000Hz
Loudness: 0 dB to 120 dB

35
Q

How does hearing acuity change with age?

A

decreases with age, particularly higher frequencies

36
Q

What are the aims of a hearing assessment?

A

answer the qs: is there a hearing loss, what degree, what type?

37
Q

What procedures can be used during a hearing assessment?

A

tunning fork, audiometry, central processing, tympanometry, otoacustic emission, electrocochleography, evoked potentials

38
Q

What is a tunning fork used for?

A

used to establish the probable presence or absence of a hearing loss with a significant conductive component

39
Q

What is pure tone audiometry?

A

science of measuring hearing acuity for variations in sound intensity and frequency

40
Q

What is an audiogram?

A

where the hearing thresholds are plotted to define if there is a hearing loss or not

41
Q

What is tympanometry?

A

Exam used to test condition of middle ear + mobility of eardrum and conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in ear canal

42
Q

What are the most common results of tympanometry?

A

A: normal, B: -ve middle ear pressure, C: middle ear effusion, eardrum perforation, eustachian tube dysfunction, occluded ear canal

43
Q

The normal cochlea produces?

A

produces low-intensity sounds called OAE

44
Q

OAEs are produced by?

A

OHC

45
Q

OAEs are a part of what screening/testing?

A

newborn hearing screening

hearing loss monitoring

46
Q

What is auditory brainstem response?

A

alterations in the latency of waves can point to the location of the deficit

47
Q

ABR commonly used in what population and why?

A

babies and children

does not require patients attention

48
Q

Cortical potentials could be affected in?

A

neurological conditions

processing problems

49
Q

List types of hearing loss.

A

conductive
sensorineural
mixed hearing loss

50
Q

Where is the problem located in conductive hearing loss?

A

outer or middle ear

51
Q

Where is the problem located in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

inner ear or the auditory nerve

52
Q

Where is the problem located in mixed hearing loss?

A

conduction and transduction of sound are affected, problem affects more than one part of the ear

53
Q

How can the degree of hearing loss be classified?

A

mild
moderate
severe
profound

54
Q

List causes of conductive hearing loss in the outer ear.

A

wax

foreign body

55
Q

List causes of conductive hearing loss in the middle ear.

A

otitis

otosclerosis

56
Q

List causes of sensorineural hearing loss in the inner ear.

A

presbycusis

ototoxicity

57
Q

List causes of sensorineural hearing loss in the nerve.

A

VIII nerve tumour

58
Q

What are treatments options for hearing loss?

A

treat underlying cause
hearing aids
cochlear implants
brainstem implants

59
Q

What does a cochlear implant need to function?

A

functional auditory nerve

60
Q

How does a cochlear implant work?

A

replaces the function of the hair cells

61
Q

Who is a brainstem implant advised for?

A

those with bilateral auditory nerve damage

Neurology and Neuroscience (15 decks)

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