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Neuroanatomy > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

where does the majority of refraction / bending of light occur in the eye?

A

the cornea

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2
Q

vitreous body function

A

a gel (high in hyaluronic acid) that gives shape to the eye

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3
Q

the retina comes from where?

A

the retina is an outgrowth of the brain from the diencephalon

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4
Q

what is the only cell type that sends axons out of the eye?

A

retinal ganglion cells

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5
Q

where are the retinal ganglion cells located?

A

in the inner surface of the retina

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6
Q

where is light converted into chemical energy?

A

in the rods and cones

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7
Q

are the axons myelinated in the eye?

A

axons are NOT myelinated in the eye b/c myelin can scatter light

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8
Q

describe the area surrounding the fovea

A

there is a physical removal of all things surrounding the fovea. Ie no vasculature

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9
Q

cones function

A

high acuity vision

color

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10
Q

rods function

A

peripheral vision

black and white and night vision

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11
Q

optic disc

A

“blind spot” this is where the blood vessels enter and exit as well as the optic nerve exits here

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12
Q

what is the name of the surface of the retina that is on the medial surface (towards the nose) that looks out laterally?

A

temporal visual field

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13
Q

what is the name of the surface of the retina that is on the lateral surface that looks in medially towards the nose?

A

nasal visual field

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14
Q

what axons of the optic nerve decussate

A

the temporal visual field axons

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15
Q

the left optic tract carries vision from where?

look what direction(s)

A
  • the left eye’s nasal visual field and the right eye’s temporal visual field
  • thus it looks right
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16
Q

the right optic tract carries vision from where?

look what direction(s)

A

the left eye’s temporal visual field and the right eye’s nasal visual field
-look left

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17
Q

what can pituitary tumors cause?

A

bitemporal vision loss = can see peripheral vision

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18
Q

how do the axons of the optic tract get primary visual cortex?

A

synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (of the thalamus) and take the optic radiations back to the occipital lobe

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19
Q

the temporal lobe carriers vision for what area?

A

the temporal lobe (bottom of the brain) carries vison for the sky

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20
Q

the parietal lobe carriers vision for what area?

A

the parietal lobe (top of the brain) carries vision for the ground

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21
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located?

A
  • the occipital lobe (calcarine cortex)

- medial surface of the cortex

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22
Q

the upper cyrus carries vision for the _______

A

ground

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23
Q

the lower gyrus carries vision for the _______

A

sky

24
Q

the posterior cerebral artery supplies the _______

A 
calcarine cortex (primary visual field) - occipital lobe
and the temporal lobe
25
Q

the ophthalmic artery supplies the _______

A

retina, eye, optic nerve

26
Q

the middle cerebral artery supplies the _______

A

parietal cortex, optic radiations

27
Q

the anterior choroidal artery supplies the _________

A

optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, thalamus

28
Q

macular vision receives blood from ________

A

both the posterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery

29
Q

what happens if you cut the right optic nerve?

A

blind in right eye

30
Q

what happens if you cut the optic chiasm? what is this called?

A

bitemporal hemianopia = no peripheral vision

31
Q

what happens if you cut the right optic tract? what is this called?

A

left homonymous hemianopia = can’t see left field of vision

32
Q

what hoes anopia mean?

A

loss of vision

33
Q

what happens if you cut both left upper and lower optic radiations? what is it called?

A

right homonymous hemianopia = loss of right field of vision

34
Q

what happens if you cut the left lower optic radiation? what is it called?

A

right superior quadrantopia = can’t see upper right field of vision

35
Q

what happens if you cut the left upper optic radiation? what is it called?

A

right inferior quadrantopia = cant see lower right field of vison

36
Q

in regards to the pupillary light reflex, if there is a lesion in CN II of the left eye, what happens when a light is shined in the left eye? What about the right?

A

light shined in the left eye - nothing happens in both eyes.

Light shined in right eye - both eyes pupils constrict

37
Q

what is double vision called and when does it occur?

A

diplopia = double vison

-occurs when convergence doesn’t happen

38
Q

describe the near response
input?
output?

A

input- CN II to lateral geniculate
output- 1. CN III - medial rectus
2. CN III - ciliary ganglion - pupillary constrictors

39
Q

what happens to the near response in the right oculomotor lesion?

A
  • right pupil is dilated
  • pupillary light reflex absent in right eye
  • near response absent in the right eye
  • ptosis in right eye
40
Q

what controls pupillary dilation

A

sympathetic nervous system = hypothalamus

41
Q

what is the sympathetic pathway to dilate the eye?

A

hypothalamus to T1 to superior cervical ganglion to dilator pupilae

42
Q

what causes Horner’s syndrome? Symptoms?

A

a lesion anywhere in the central or peripheral sympathetic nervous pathway

P- ptosis = droopy eyelid
A- anhydrosis
M- miosis - constricted pupil

43
Q

what are some affects a subdural hematoma can have?

A

temporal lobe can squeeze the midbrain (small ventricles, misshapen peduncles, compressed midbrain)
-causing problems with CN 3 (pupillary light reflex), ptosis, problems with the cerebral peduncles (hyperreflexia, weakness, upper motor neuron damage)

44
Q

the left frontal eye field moves the eyes _________

A

to the right = contralateral

45
Q

a damaged right frontal field of cortex would cause the eye to move where?

A

to the right

46
Q

a seizure can cause the field of frontal cortex to move to where?

A

to the contralateral side

47
Q

what are the two most important cranial nerves of the eye to more in horizontal direction?

A

CN III - medial rectus of one eye works at the same time as the lateral rectus of the other eye (CN VI)

48
Q

PPRF

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation

49
Q

where is the PPRF located?

A

nucleus is located in the pons

50
Q

what does the PPRF control

A

horizontal eye movements

51
Q

the left cortex make your look _____

A

right

52
Q

what connects the PPRF to CN III

A

the medial longitudinal fascicules (MLF)

53
Q

what would happen if there was a problem with the right medial longitudinal Fascicules (MLF)?

A
  • can not adduct right eye when both eyes are trying to look left
  • medial rectus works fine just not when both eyes are engaged
  • all other CN III functions are ok
54
Q

in reference to the abducens nucleus, where is the paramedian pontine reticular formation located?

A

-rostral and ventral to the abducens nucleus

55
Q

cells in the frontal eye field project to the _________ PPRF

A

contralateral

Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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