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Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What did we study in relation to the structure of the eye?

A

The lens
The retina
Ganglion cells

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2
Q

What was studied in relation to depth perception?

A

Monocular cues

Binocular depth perception

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3
Q

What was studied in relation to vision in the brain?

A

Lateral geniculate nuclei
The primary visual cortex
Development of binocular stereopsis

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4
Q

Where are rods and cones located?

A

In the retina

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5
Q

What muscle controls the lens?

A

The cilary muscle

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6
Q

What is the soft outer coating of the eyeball called?

A

The cornea

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7
Q

What is the point of central focus called?

A

The fovea

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8
Q

What is the path of light through the different parts of our eye?

A

Cornea > pupil > lens > retina

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9
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Expand and contract the pupil to regulate the amount of light that can enter

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10
Q

When the target is near in focus the lens is __________ and _______ and the iris ________.

A

Shorter and thicker

Expands

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11
Q

When the target is further away in focus the lens is __________ and _______ and the iris ________.

A

Taller and thinner

Contracts

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12
Q

What is near sightedness called?

A

Myopia

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13
Q

What is far sightedness called?

A

Hyperopia

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14
Q

What is myopia?

A

When the light doesn’t reach the retina (focused too early)

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15
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

When the light goes beyond the retina (focuses too late)

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16
Q

What can you use to correct myopia?

A

Concave lenses

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17
Q

What can you use to correct hyperopia?

A

Convex lenses

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18
Q

What is the retina?

A

The light sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors

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19
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eye (on the retina)

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20
Q

How many photoreceptors does the retina contain?

A

100 million

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21
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones

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22
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

Daylight vision
Colour
Visual acuity

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23
Q

Where are cones located?

A

At the centre of the foveal

Less near the periphery

24
Q

Each cone cell synapses onto its own ?

A

ganglion cell

25
What are rods responsible for?
Night vision | Periphery vision
26
More than one rod converges onto the same ganglion cell. How does this affect our vision?
Less precision | More sensitively to light (when there isn't much) so we can see in the dark
27
What is a ganglion cell?
A retinal cell that receives visual information from photoreceptors and transmits to the brain
28
What was studied in relation to visual perception?
The structure of the eye Depth perception Vision in the brain
29
How many ganglion cells are there?
100x fewer than photoreceptors
30
How often do ganglion cells fire?
Spontaneously at a regular resting rate
31
When does the firing rate change of a ganglion cell?
When light hits it's receptive field
32
What are the receptive fields of a ganglion cell called?
Centre-surrounded and either: On-centre Off-centre
33
What's the difference between on- centre and off-centre ganglion cells?
On-centre: when light hits the middle firing rate is FACILITATED Off-centre: when light hits the middle firing rate is INHIBITED
34
What is the grid (visual illusion) called where you can see black dots in the intersections between a grid of black boxes?
Germans grid
35
What two processes give us 3D vision?
Monocular depth cues | Binocular depth perception
36
What are 6 monocular depth cues?
``` Occlusion Relative size and position Height cues Aerial perspective (haziness) Linear perspective Accommodation ```
37
What is occlusion?
Assuming things are further away when they are behind
38
What is accommodation?
When something is blurry it can be assumed it's super close or super far away
39
What is binocular disparity?
Not receiving the same information from both eyes because each has slightly different visual fields
40
What is it called when can perceive depth because of binocular vision?
Stereopsis
41
What is the size of the angle both eyes can see at the same time?
110-120 degrees
42
The circle which can be drawn between the focal point and the sides of our eye when focusing is called the?
Horopter (or the Vieth Mueller Circle)
43
What is said about any point that falls on the Horopter?
It will cast the same image on one retina as it does on the other
44
When the object is closer than the Horopter it is called ?
Crossed disparity
45
When the object is further away than the Horopter it is called ?
Uncrossed disparity
46
What is used in binocular stereopsis to determine the depth?
Disparity magnitude (crossed = less disparity, or uncrossed = more disparity)
47
What is the effective that happens with your eyes when disparity is either crossed or uncrossed.
Crossed disparity = cross eyed = 3D | Uncrossed disparity = parallel viewing = 3D
48
What is it called when you see 3D images from either parallel viewing or viewing two similar, adjacent images cross eyed?
Free fuse
49
When each eye revives two different kinds of information, which stimuli is more likely to be dominant?
``` More interesting stimuli: More salient (brighter, more contrast, moving) More meaningful ```
50
What does LGN stand for?
lateral geniculate nuclei
51
What does the LGN do?
All 4 LGNs act as relay stations from the eye to the cortex (each responsible for one half of each eye)
52
What does each side of the visual cortex process?
Left visual cortex = processes right visual field | Right visual cortex = processes left visual field
53
So both LGN axons cross sides?
No, the axons closest to the nose cross but the axons closest to the ears don't cross
54
What is cortical magnification?
Where the information coming from near the fovea is given more space in the brain than the periphery is given for processing
55
When does binocular vision develop?
3-5 months

Perception & Cognition (10 decks)

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