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Perception & Cognition > Object & Face Recognition > Flashcards

Object & Face Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 4 concept areas we studied during the topic of object recognition?

A

Neural basis for object recognition
Low and mid level vision
Gestalt principles
Visual agnosia

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2
Q

What were the 4 concept areas we studied during the topic of face recognition?

A

Holistic processing for faces
Expertise for faces
Domain specificity for faces
Prosopagnosia

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3
Q

What is the definition of recognition?

A

A match between visual input and a mental representation.

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4
Q

Name 4 different forms of recognition.

A

Naming
Individual identification
Recognition memory
Matching

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5
Q

Which 3 areas of the brain are used to transform visual perception into object recognition?

A

The striate cortex
The extrastriate cortex
The inferior-temporal cortex

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6
Q

How to the striate cortex, extrastriate cortex and the inferior-temporal cortex differ? (3)

A

Structurally
By their location on the retina
Functionally

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7
Q

What is the striate cortex also known as?

A

The primary visual cortex (V1)

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8
Q

What is the striate cortex attuned to?

A

Particular types of edges & lines

Particular types of motion & size

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9
Q

What is the extra-striate cortex and what is it attuned to?

A

Mid-level processing areas: More complex features

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10
Q

What cortex is V2 and what does it respond to?

A

Pre-striate: responds to spatial frequency and patterns (multiple orientations)

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11
Q

What does the cortex V4 respond to?

A

Geometric shapes

Colour

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12
Q

What does MT stand for and what does it respond to?

A

Middle Temporal Area: movement

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13
Q

What are 3 theories that suggest how visual information is extracted by midlevel vision and turned into object recognition?

A

Template theory (invariance)
Geons (recognition by components)
Pandemonium

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14
Q

What are Geons and what is the theory they are associated with?

A

The simple 2D or 3D forms such as cylinders, bricks and wedges that correspond to structural representations of these objects in the brain.
Associated with Biederman’s:
Recognition-by-components theory

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15
Q

What does template theory suggest?

A

That we compare objects to our memory bank of images/ objects. The one that is the most similar must be that thing.

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16
Q

The pandemonium theory uses what to explain the connection between feature recognition and object recognition?

A

Demons: mimic the firing of neurons in that some get excited, some are sleepy and some are asleep (inactive)

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17
Q

When discussing visual processing and object recognition what is the difference between bottom up and top down processing?

A

Bottom up: smaller features to whole object recognition…. with the path through Visual Cortexes: (bottom) V1 -> V2 -> V4 -> IT / LOC -> … -> prefrontal cortex (top).
Top down: Looking at the situation or main objective and then honing in on the details (e.g. noticing the lines and edges of a shape)

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18
Q

What do top-down processes take into account? (5)

A 
Context
Knowledge 
Embodied perception
Emotions
Gestalt principles
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19
Q

What is the Gestalt theory?

A

The whole is more than its sensory parts

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20
Q

How do we use Gestalt principles?

A

To interpret the world by grouping the visual scene into whole objects rather than a collection of features (e.g baseball ball instead of rounded sphere, orange, rough surface etc.)

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21
Q

What is occlusion?

A

When a contour suddenly stops, the assumption that this is because something is in front. e.g a white line interrupts this black line because it is on top of it
_______ ________

22
Q

What does the principle of good continuation suggest?

A

That lines with similar orientations are likely to belong to the same contour.

23
Q

What are 4 Gestalt principles and what are three demonstrations that show these principles?

A

Proximity (viewing rows instead of columns)
Similarity (coloured columns instead of rows)
Good Continuation (letters with ink spilled vs. white space instead of ink)
Outline & Motion (Dalmatian)
Common fate (hidden bird- pen strokes- objects that move together will be grouped together)
Closure (rectangle with a gap)

24
Q

If you have recognised an object as a book, what was the Distal stimulus and what was the Proximal stimulus?

A

Distal stimulus: book

Proximal stimulus: retinal image of book

25
Q

What are the flaws in the template matching theory?

A
  1. We would need to have stored an impossibly large number of templates.
  2. We become capable of recognising
    new objects such as DVD.
  3. size and shape may vary yet the object is ‘the same thing’
26
Q

Mid-level vision helps us bring together things through visual principles of: (5)

A 
Similarity 
Proximity 
Parallelism 
Symmetry 
Relatability (things continue in the same direction behind occluders)
27
Q

Mid-level vision helps us distinguish different objects through the visual principles of: (2)

A

Finding the edges

Texture segmentation

28
Q

What are the two streams of visual processing?

A

Ventral (form and object recognition)

Parietal (motion and spatial relationships)

29
Q

What area of the brain is heavily responsible for LT memory?

A

Hippocampus

30
Q

Object recognition depends on __________ __________.

A

learning experience

31
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

An acquired neurological disorder where one can detect objects and identify features but cannot recognise the object as a whole.

32
Q

Which part of the brain is activated more by images of places?

A

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

33
Q

Which part of the brain is activated more by images of the body (not including the face)?

A

Exstriate body area (EBA)

34
Q

Which part of the brain is activated more by images of the face area?

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

35
Q

What evidence suggests that we don’t necessarily process faces as a whole?

A

We can sometimes recognise faces from just one feature and certain features are more important than others in recognition.

36
Q

What does the inversion effect suggest?

A

People are better at recognising upright faces and worse at recognising inverted faces

37
Q

What are 5 illusions/ effects that suggest evidence for facial holistic processing?

A 
The Thatcher illusion 
The composite face effect 
The face superiority effect
The caricature effect 
The Hollow face illusion
38
Q

What is the Thatcher illusion?

A

Subtle changes are immediately apparent in upright faces - the orientation we see them most in

39
Q

What is the composite face effect?

A

Two faces in one - must be processed together and therefore a new face is made instead of easily recognising the two different faces

40
Q

What is the face superiority effect?

A

Features of the face are recognised better if they are presented in their usual positions (not alone and not scrambled)

41
Q

What is the caricature effect?

A

Caricatures of famous people are rated to look more like those people than their real photos

42
Q

What is the Hollow face illusion?

A

Faces are processed holistically and so when the hollow face is used then it looks like the features are moving but it’s still the same face

43
Q

What are 4 general processes used to recognise someone’s face?

A

configural mechanisms
individual item mechanisms
expert mechanisms
parts-based mechanisms

44
Q

What is the process called that is specifically used for recognising faces only?

A

Domain specificity

45
Q

What evidence is there to suggest domain specificity is learned or developed?

A

babies focused more on their mothers face than the other extremely similar faces

46
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that domain specificity is mainly for faces and nothing else?

A

Greater inversion effects and composite effects for dog experts on human faces rather than on dogs

47
Q

How old would you be if you could discriminate between similar monkey faces AND similar human faces?

A

Less than 6 months old

48
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

the specific ability to recognise familiar faces (famous faces, friends or family, own face etc.) but can recognise them from walk or voice etc.

49
Q

What is the cause of acquired prosopagnosia?

A

lesions in ventral occipitotemporal cortex

50
Q

What is the cause of congenital/ developmental prosopagnosia?

A

genes - with 2-2.9% of educated Australian’s with it

51
Q

What is the difference between visual agnosic patients and prosopagnosic patients?

A

visual agnostic can identify faces but can’t identify objects
prosopagnosic patients cannot identify faces

52
Q

What level of visual processing are gestalt principles associated with?

A

mid-level - extrastriate cortex

Perception & Cognition (10 decks)

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