Expertise

Question 1

What were the 3 areas studied in relation to expertise?

Answer 1

The nature of expertise
Guided discovery
Applications of expertise

Question 2

What is involved in guided discovery?

Answer 2

Cue extraction

Cue validation

Question 3

Where would you apply expertise?

Answer 3

During an interview

Question 4

Why do experts perform worse when the chess pieces are placed in a random position?

Answer 4

Because their expertise is no longer helpful and they exhaust their cognitive resources in trying to identify meaning when there isn’t any

Question 5

How do novices and experts differ?

Answer 5

They sort information differently
Experts spend more time understanding the problem and novices more immediately try to solve it
Experts posses more knowledge than novices

Question 6

How do experts and novices different when sorting information?

Answer 6

Novices sort using superficial features

Experts sort using more complex principles

Question 7

What did later expertise research lead to studies in?

Answer 7

Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM)

Question 8

What is NDM?

Answer 8

Decision making in real world (natural) environments

Question 9

In Klein’s NDM model experts are advantaged due to their: (2)

Answer 9

Ability to recognise a pattern of cues

Inherent knowledge of the key cues

Question 10

How do experts exploit limited working memory and unlimited long-term memory? (3)

Answer 10

They look for and respond to cues by:
Information Acquisition
Chunking
Automaticity

Question 11

To become an expert sooner it is better to work with?

Answer 11

strong cue-based knowledge

Question 12

What are cues?

Answer 12

features of the environment that hold some meaning/ association for the individual (from any of the senses)

Question 13

The 3 types of meanings encapsulated in cues include?

Answer 13

previous experience (events)
long-term memory (LTM)
prediction (reasoning/ intuition)

Question 14

The sequence of forming a cue involves the 3 steps of?

Answer 14

feature > event > response

Question 15

What is often a sign that you are receiving a cue?

Answer 15

A gut feeling

Question 16

Cues help experts to _______ changes in their environment.

Answer 16

predict

Question 17

What would the feature(cause)/ event(effect) have been when the response was to slow down as to not crash into the car in front?

Answer 17

brake light/ deceleration

Question 18

What are the 3 steps involved in learning cues through observation?

Answer 18

1. isolating features from the environment
2. establishing the relationship between cause and effect
3. anticipating the likely outcome

Question 19

How many cues do experts use to perform a task?

Answer 19

1-9

Question 20

What are the 4 processes that influence task performance?

Answer 20

accuracy
efficiency
search termination
anxiety management

Question 21

What are the advantages of cognitive cues?

Answer 21

reduced demand on WM
reduced perception of cognitive load
reduced response latency

Question 22

What is response latency?

Answer 22

the delay between stimuli and a response

Question 23

What are the advantages of affective cues (feelings/ intuition)?

Answer 23

increased sense of control
reduced anxiety
greater resilience under pressure

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of cognitive cues?

Answer 24

inaccurate cues foster error
loss of situation awareness
confirmation bias
problems with secondary-task performance

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of affective (intuitive) cues?

Answer 25

reduce level of cognitive engagement (rely on cues) | complacency and human error

Question 26

If the association between a feature and an event occurs all the time, it is?

Answer 26

deterministic (e.g. green traffic light = allowed to go = go)

Question 27

If the association between a feature and an event occurs some of the time, it is?

Answer 27

probabilistic (e.g. darkening clouds = high chance of rain = take umbrella)

Question 28

Where does special knowledge generally reside in, declarative memory or procedural memory?

Answer 28

procedural (isn't semantic or episodic memory- is non-conscious/ implicit)

Question 29

What was the most effective type of training for developing cue based knowledge out of Explicit instruction, Guided discovery, Discovery and Control?

Answer 29

Guided discovery

Question 30

What is a cognitive interview?

Answer 30

The Cognitive Interview technique is a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information from the witnesses memory.

Question 31

What are 4 techniques used in a cognitive interview?

Answer 31

Mentally recreate the environmental and personal context of the crime Asked to report the incident from different perspective Asked to recounting the incident in a different narrative order - working backwards (recency effect) Asked to report every detail (even if trivial to prompt additional memories)

Question 32

Why does explicit instruction tend to create worse results than guided discovery?

Answer 32

Cognitive load is too high under pressure

Question 33

What is guided discovery?

Answer 33

A controlled environment that facilitates learner’s awareness of feature-event relationships (collaborative effort)

Question 34

What are the steps in extracting special knowledge?

Answer 34

1. Cue extraction 2. Cue validation 3. Applied applications

Question 35

What is involved in cue extraction?

Answer 35

Identifying relevant experts Extracting key cues (also through cognitive interview) Analysing the 'data' that has been collected

Question 36

What should happen before, during and after a cognitive interview?

Answer 36

Before the interview: Identify a suitable critical incident and its details During the interview: Use probe questions, and semi-structured After the interview: Feature extraction

Question 37

Using a semi-structured cognitive interview to identify cues, you should focus on which 2 areas of processing?

Answer 37

Information Management: most important issues | Information Acquisition: key features

Question 38

What are the 4 ways you can summarise the data after cue extraction?

Answer 38

``` Task diagram (eg. tree diagram) Term Analysis: Pie graph (Classify tasks into categories of an information processing model- eg. perception, decision-making or action skills) Cue analysis (event & feature pairing) Cognitive Demands Table ```

Question 39

What is the feature and cue (event & feature pairing) of this statement: I suspect the player will hit a drop shot when the backswing is smaller than normal.

Answer 39

Event: hit a drop shot Feature: backswing is smaller

Question 40

What is included in a cognitive demands table?

Answer 40

``` The demanding cognitive tasks: Identify the difficult task Identify why it is difficult Identify a common error Identify cues and strategies ```

Question 41

What is involved in the step of cue validation?

Answer 41

Working out whether experts actually use those clues through an interview, observations and a feature & event matching task.

Question 42

How does understanding cues and the related cognitions help us?

Answer 42

``` Understanding expertise Develop training strategies Develop assessment strategies Advise design changes Identify failure ```