Expertise Flashcards
What were the 3 areas studied in relation to expertise?
The nature of expertise
Guided discovery
Applications of expertise
What is involved in guided discovery?
Cue extraction
Cue validation
Where would you apply expertise?
During an interview
Why do experts perform worse when the chess pieces are placed in a random position?
Because their expertise is no longer helpful and they exhaust their cognitive resources in trying to identify meaning when there isn’t any
How do novices and experts differ?
They sort information differently
Experts spend more time understanding the problem and novices more immediately try to solve it
Experts posses more knowledge than novices
How do experts and novices different when sorting information?
Novices sort using superficial features
Experts sort using more complex principles
What did later expertise research lead to studies in?
Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM)
What is NDM?
Decision making in real world (natural) environments
In Klein’s NDM model experts are advantaged due to their: (2)
Ability to recognise a pattern of cues
Inherent knowledge of the key cues
How do experts exploit limited working memory and unlimited long-term memory? (3)
They look for and respond to cues by:
Information Acquisition
Chunking
Automaticity
To become an expert sooner it is better to work with?
strong cue-based knowledge
What are cues?
features of the environment that hold some meaning/ association for the individual (from any of the senses)
The 3 types of meanings encapsulated in cues include?
previous experience (events) long-term memory (LTM) prediction (reasoning/ intuition)
The sequence of forming a cue involves the 3 steps of?
feature > event > response
What is often a sign that you are receiving a cue?
A gut feeling
Cues help experts to _______ changes in their environment.
predict
What would the feature(cause)/ event(effect) have been when the response was to slow down as to not crash into the car in front?
brake light/ deceleration
What are the 3 steps involved in learning cues through observation?
- isolating features from the environment
- establishing the relationship between cause and effect
- anticipating the likely outcome
How many cues do experts use to perform a task?
1-9
What are the 4 processes that influence task performance?
accuracy
efficiency
search termination
anxiety management
What are the advantages of cognitive cues?
reduced demand on WM
reduced perception of cognitive load
reduced response latency
What is response latency?
the delay between stimuli and a response
What are the advantages of affective cues (feelings/ intuition)?
increased sense of control
reduced anxiety
greater resilience under pressure
What are the disadvantages of cognitive cues?
inaccurate cues foster error
loss of situation awareness
confirmation bias
problems with secondary-task performance
What are the disadvantages of affective (intuitive) cues?
reduce level of cognitive engagement (rely on cues)
complacency and human error
If the association between a feature and an event occurs all the time, it is?
deterministic (e.g. green traffic light = allowed to go = go)
If the association between a feature and an event occurs some of the time, it is?
probabilistic (e.g. darkening clouds = high chance of rain = take umbrella)
Where does special knowledge generally reside in, declarative memory or procedural memory?
procedural (isn’t semantic or episodic memory- is non-conscious/ implicit)
What was the most effective type of training for developing cue based knowledge out of Explicit instruction, Guided discovery, Discovery and Control?
Guided discovery
What is a cognitive interview?
The Cognitive Interview technique is a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information from the witnesses memory.
What are 4 techniques used in a cognitive interview?
Mentally recreate the environmental and personal context of the crime
Asked to report the incident from different perspective
Asked to recounting the incident in a different narrative order - working backwards (recency effect)
Asked to report every detail (even if trivial to prompt additional memories)
Why does explicit instruction tend to create worse results than guided discovery?
Cognitive load is too high under pressure
What is guided discovery?
A controlled environment that facilitates learner’s awareness of feature-event relationships (collaborative effort)
What are the steps in extracting special knowledge?
- Cue extraction
- Cue validation
- Applied applications
What is involved in cue extraction?
Identifying relevant experts
Extracting key cues (also through cognitive interview)
Analysing the ‘data’ that has been collected
What should happen before, during and after a cognitive interview?
Before the interview: Identify a suitable critical incident and its details
During the interview: Use probe questions, and semi-structured
After the interview: Feature extraction
Using a semi-structured cognitive interview to identify cues, you should focus on which 2 areas of processing?
Information Management: most important issues
Information Acquisition: key features
What are the 4 ways you can summarise the data after cue extraction?
Task diagram (eg. tree diagram) Term Analysis: Pie graph (Classify tasks into categories of an information processing model- eg. perception, decision-making or action skills) Cue analysis (event & feature pairing) Cognitive Demands Table
What is the feature and cue (event & feature pairing) of this statement: I suspect the player will hit a drop shot when the backswing is smaller than normal.
Event: hit a drop shot
Feature: backswing is smaller
What is included in a cognitive demands table?
The demanding cognitive tasks: Identify the difficult task Identify why it is difficult Identify a common error Identify cues and strategies
What is involved in the step of cue validation?
Working out whether experts actually use those clues through an interview, observations and a feature & event matching task.
How does understanding cues and the related cognitions help us?
Understanding expertise Develop training strategies Develop assessment strategies Advise design changes Identify failure
