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Perception & Cognition > Expertise > Flashcards

Expertise Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 3 areas studied in relation to expertise?

A

The nature of expertise
Guided discovery
Applications of expertise

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2
Q

What is involved in guided discovery?

A

Cue extraction

Cue validation

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3
Q

Where would you apply expertise?

A

During an interview

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4
Q

Why do experts perform worse when the chess pieces are placed in a random position?

A

Because their expertise is no longer helpful and they exhaust their cognitive resources in trying to identify meaning when there isn’t any

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5
Q

How do novices and experts differ?

A

They sort information differently
Experts spend more time understanding the problem and novices more immediately try to solve it
Experts posses more knowledge than novices

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6
Q

How do experts and novices different when sorting information?

A

Novices sort using superficial features

Experts sort using more complex principles

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7
Q

What did later expertise research lead to studies in?

A

Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM)

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8
Q

What is NDM?

A

Decision making in real world (natural) environments

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9
Q

In Klein’s NDM model experts are advantaged due to their: (2)

A

Ability to recognise a pattern of cues

Inherent knowledge of the key cues

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10
Q

How do experts exploit limited working memory and unlimited long-term memory? (3)

A

They look for and respond to cues by:
Information Acquisition
Chunking
Automaticity

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11
Q

To become an expert sooner it is better to work with?

A

strong cue-based knowledge

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12
Q

What are cues?

A

features of the environment that hold some meaning/ association for the individual (from any of the senses)

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13
Q

The 3 types of meanings encapsulated in cues include?

A 
previous experience (events)
long-term memory (LTM)
prediction (reasoning/ intuition)
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14
Q

The sequence of forming a cue involves the 3 steps of?

A

feature > event > response

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15
Q

What is often a sign that you are receiving a cue?

A

A gut feeling

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16
Q

Cues help experts to _______ changes in their environment.

A

predict

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17
Q

What would the feature(cause)/ event(effect) have been when the response was to slow down as to not crash into the car in front?

A

brake light/ deceleration

18
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in learning cues through observation?

A
  1. isolating features from the environment
  2. establishing the relationship between cause and effect
  3. anticipating the likely outcome
19
Q

How many cues do experts use to perform a task?

A

1-9

20
Q

What are the 4 processes that influence task performance?

A

accuracy
efficiency
search termination
anxiety management

21
Q

What are the advantages of cognitive cues?

A

reduced demand on WM
reduced perception of cognitive load
reduced response latency

22
Q

What is response latency?

A

the delay between stimuli and a response

23
Q

What are the advantages of affective cues (feelings/ intuition)?

A

increased sense of control
reduced anxiety
greater resilience under pressure

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of cognitive cues?

A

inaccurate cues foster error
loss of situation awareness
confirmation bias
problems with secondary-task performance

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of affective (intuitive) cues?

A

reduce level of cognitive engagement (rely on cues)

complacency and human error

26
Q

If the association between a feature and an event occurs all the time, it is?

A

deterministic (e.g. green traffic light = allowed to go = go)

27
Q

If the association between a feature and an event occurs some of the time, it is?

A

probabilistic (e.g. darkening clouds = high chance of rain = take umbrella)

28
Q

Where does special knowledge generally reside in, declarative memory or procedural memory?

A

procedural (isn’t semantic or episodic memory- is non-conscious/ implicit)

29
Q

What was the most effective type of training for developing cue based knowledge out of Explicit instruction, Guided discovery, Discovery and Control?

A

Guided discovery

30
Q

What is a cognitive interview?

A

The Cognitive Interview technique is a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information from the witnesses memory.

31
Q

What are 4 techniques used in a cognitive interview?

A

Mentally recreate the environmental and personal context of the crime
Asked to report the incident from different perspective
Asked to recounting the incident in a different narrative order - working backwards (recency effect)
Asked to report every detail (even if trivial to prompt additional memories)

32
Q

Why does explicit instruction tend to create worse results than guided discovery?

A

Cognitive load is too high under pressure

33
Q

What is guided discovery?

A

A controlled environment that facilitates learner’s awareness of feature-event relationships (collaborative effort)

34
Q

What are the steps in extracting special knowledge?

A
  1. Cue extraction
  2. Cue validation
  3. Applied applications
35
Q

What is involved in cue extraction?

A

Identifying relevant experts
Extracting key cues (also through cognitive interview)
Analysing the ‘data’ that has been collected

36
Q

What should happen before, during and after a cognitive interview?

A

Before the interview: Identify a suitable critical incident and its details
During the interview: Use probe questions, and semi-structured
After the interview: Feature extraction

37
Q

Using a semi-structured cognitive interview to identify cues, you should focus on which 2 areas of processing?

A

Information Management: most important issues

Information Acquisition: key features

38
Q

What are the 4 ways you can summarise the data after cue extraction?

A 
Task diagram (eg. tree diagram) 
Term Analysis: Pie graph (Classify tasks into categories of an information processing model- eg. perception, decision-making or action skills)
Cue analysis (event & feature pairing) 
Cognitive Demands Table
39
Q

What is the feature and cue (event & feature pairing) of this statement: I suspect the player will hit a drop shot when the backswing is smaller than normal.

A

Event: hit a drop shot
Feature: backswing is smaller

40
Q

What is included in a cognitive demands table?

A 
The demanding cognitive tasks: 
Identify the difficult task 
Identify why it is difficult 
Identify a common error 
Identify cues and strategies
41
Q

What is involved in the step of cue validation?

A

Working out whether experts actually use those clues through an interview, observations and a feature & event matching task.

42
Q

How does understanding cues and the related cognitions help us?

A 
Understanding expertise
Develop training strategies
Develop assessment strategies
Advise design changes
Identify failure

Perception & Cognition (10 decks)

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