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Perception & Cognition > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What was studied in relation to the auditory system?

A 
The outer, middle and Inner ear
The cochlea and corti 
Auditory nerve fibres 
Superior Olive 
Inferior Collicus
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2
Q

What was studied in relation to sound localisation?

A

Inter aural time difference
Inter aural level difference
Pinna and head cues

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3
Q

What was studied in relation to Auditory distance perception?

A

Relative intensity
Spectral composition
Direct vs reverberant energy

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4
Q

What does hearing a sound suggest?

A

You have detected a change In Air pressure

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5
Q

What is the frequency of sound and what is it measured in?

A

The number of times per second that a wave repeated (changes in pitch)
Hertz

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6
Q

What is the range of human hearing in hertz?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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7
Q

What was studied in relation to sound?

A 
The auditory system 
Frequency and Amplitude
Sound Localisation 
Auditory Distance perception 
Scene analysis, continuity and restoration 
Categorical perception
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8
Q

What is meant by amplitude in relation to sound and what is it measured in?

A

The intensity or magnitude of the sound wave (loudness)

Decibels (dB)

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9
Q

What is the range of decibels detected by humans?

A

0-140 (painful)

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10
Q

What is a spectra?

A

The sound wave pattern and shape

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11
Q

What is timbre?

A

The quality of sounds conveyed through harmonics

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12
Q

What are the parts in the outer ear (external ear canal)?

A

Pinna
External Auditory Canal
Ear Lobe

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13
Q

What are the parts of the Middle ear?

A 
Malleus 
Eardrum (tympanic membrane) 
Incus 
Stapes
Oval window
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14
Q

What are the parts of the Inner ear?

A

Semi- circular canals (labyrinth)
Auditory nerve
Cochlear
Eustachian tube

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15
Q

What is the path of sound through the ear?

A

Ear canal > ear drum > vibration > malleus moves > anvil (incus) moves > stapes moves > oval window distortion > fluid pushed into vestibular canal of cochlear

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16
Q

Once fluid starts to move in the cochlear, what is the path?

A

Movement in the tympanic canal > distortion of the basilar membrane (separates vestibular canal and cochlear duct) > organs of corti

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17
Q

What happens after the basilar membrane separates the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct?

A

The organ of corti presses against the tectorial membrane

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18
Q

What is the force called that is formed from the organ of corti pressing against the tectorial membrane?

A

Shearing force

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19
Q

What does the shearing force do?

A

Bends the stereocilia in different directions which sends signals to the auditory nerve fibres to then send to the brain

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20
Q

How is frequency coded in the cochlear?

A

Lower frequencies cause displacement near the thinner part of the basilar membrane (apex)
Higher frequencies cause displacement closer to the oval window (thicker and wider)

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21
Q

Explain top-down hearing.

A

Auditory nerve fibres although they send messages to the brain (bottom-up)
They also send messages from the brain to the ear’s outer hair cells to tune in to particular frequencies

22
Q

Where do auditory nerve fibres first synapse?

A

In the brain stem

23
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in binaural integration?

A

Cochlear nuclei

Superior olive

24
Q

After auditory nerve fibres synapse in the brain stem, what parts of the brain are involved in further processing?

A 
Inferior Colliculus (second stage) 
Thalamus (integration of audio & visual reflexes)
Auditory Cortex in the Temporal Lobe (higher processing)
25
Q

How is the auditory cortex organised?

A

Tonotpically (different frequencies mapped onto different areas)

26
Q

Which parts of the auditory cortex process the more complex stimuli?

A

The surrounding belt and the parabelt

27
Q

What are the 3 things that help us tell where sound is coming from?

A

Interaural time difference
Interaural level difference
Head and pinna cues

28
Q

What is Interaural time difference?

A

The difference in the times the same sound is processed by the medial superior olive (brain stem) depending on what angle it comes from and which ear it enters first

29
Q

What is Interaural level difference?

A

the difference in intensity between the sound arriving at one ear versus the other (better for low frequency sounds because they are not as obstructed)

30
Q

What are head an pinna cues?

A

the placement of your head and the shape (pinna) of your outer ear

31
Q

To get a good grasp on the perception of auditory distance we need to process:

A

The relative intensity of the sound
The spectral composition
The relative amounts of direct vs. reverberant energy

32
Q

To detect relative frequency we need to have:

A

An expectation of how loud a sound should be

better detected if the sound is moving

33
Q

To detect spectral composition clues include:

A

Far away sounds = more muffled if higher in frequency because more easily absorbed
eg. thunder close by is a crack but far away is a rumble

34
Q

What is the difference between direct and reverberant energy?

A 
direct = coming from the source 
reverberant = bounced off from surfaces in the environment (generally sounds from further away- different quality of sound)
35
Q

What is spatial segregation?

A

sounds coming from the same location are probably from the same source

36
Q

What is grouping by onset?

A

sounds that start together tend to be perceived as from the same source

37
Q

What is grouping by frequency?

A

Sounds similar in frequency are probably from the same source.

38
Q

What is grouping by timbre?

A

sounds from the same timbre typically come from the same source

39
Q

How can you group sounds?

A 
By: 
Spatial segregation 
Onset 
Frequency 
Timbre
40
Q

What does occluded mean?

A

hidden behind or interrupted

41
Q

What is it called when our auditory system fills in the gaps in sound streams so that we perceive the sound as continuous?

A

Restoration

42
Q

Which sound more continuous? Sounds that are occluded or sounds that have silences?

A

sounds that are interrupted with other sounds

43
Q

What is amusia?

A

not being able to perceive the differences in melodies

44
Q

How early can babies differentiate between a familiar vs unfamiliar melody?

A

2 months

4 months they prefer consonant melodies (not dissonant)

45
Q

What are 3 things that have been suggested for the reason that we have developed music perception?

A

sexual attraction
group bonding
side effect of language evolution

46
Q

What are formants?

A

bands of acoustic energy on a spectrogram caused by a particular resonance in the vocal tract (e.g I miss (higher) you (lower) )

47
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

the production of one speech sound overlaps with the next (eg. Bahhh has a different B sound do Boo and Bee)

48
Q

What is the lack of invariance?

A

the fact that the articulation of sounds is not consistent and changes depending on the surrounding sounds (surrounding letters) eg. DI and DA

49
Q

What does the categorical perception of speech sounds refer to?

A

The fact that we place sounds in categories however they are actually on a continuum. Ba and Da are not two distinct sounds, they are just placed at different places with many interpretations of the sounds between them along the continuum.

50
Q

Why do some adults not hear sounds from a different culture?

A

Because they are not categorised in their native language eg. B vs V in spanish are not separate sounds (or letters) they are simply placed on a continuum of long V and short V

Perception & Cognition (10 decks)

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