Intelligence Flashcards
What is the definition of intelligence?
difficult to define:
capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning and adaptability to the surroundings
Who designed factor analysis models for measuring intelligence?
spearman
thurstone
Who designed multidimensional models for measuring intelligence?
guilford
carrol
Who designed interactive models for measuring intelligence?
gardner
sternberg
What is emotional intelligence?
intelligence relating to emotions: the ability to recognise and manage one’s own and others’ emotions (to motivate oneself and restrain impulses etc.)
What are some main areas of controversy when discussing intelligence?
artificial intelligence (is the computer demonstrating the same intelligence) animal vs human intelligence
What did early theories of assessing intelligence focus on?
psychological abilities or judgemental ability
What did Victorian England believe was the relation between your mind and body?
your body type influenced your cognition, mind and your behaviour and visa versa
Who developed the first academic intelligence test?
binet
What did Binet focus on?
direction (goal and planning)
adaption
criticism (metacognition)
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence quotient
What is an IQ?
the age of intelligence (mental age/ actual age x 100)
What scales of intelligence do we use now?
standardised distribution of scores (bell curve) taken from extremely large samples
What is the Flynn effect?
the world is getting smarter
What were the 4 content areas assessed in the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales?
STM
Verbal reasoning
Qualitative reasoning
Figural/ abstract reasoning
What is the WAIS-R?
the Weschler Adult Intelligence scale (many different editions- WISC for kids & WPPSI for preschool kids & different country editions)
The Weschler scales yield what 3 scores?
performance, verbal and an overall score
What did Spearman propose?
the single, underlying cognitive component that pervades all aspects of mental ability (Spearman’s g) - extremely controversial
What did Thurston suggest?
7 primary intellects: Spearman’s g was too specific and there were 7 factors that actually covered all cognitive ability
What were Thurstone’s 7 primary abilities?
verbal comprehension verbal fluency inductive reasoning spatial visualisation number memory perceptual speed
Who developed the more complex model of Thurstone’s primary intellects?
Guilford
What was guilford’s model of intelligence?
multidimensional model of a cube of 3 intersecting dimensions
What were the 3 dimensions of intelligence according to Guilford?
operations
contents
products
What was Carroll’s multidimensional model of intelligence?
Hierarchical model: 3 strata (narrow specific abilities, general abilities, single general intelligence)
Who’s theory was based on 3 sides of a cube?
Guilford
Who’s theory was based on a hierarchical strata structure of intelligence?
Carrol
Who’s theory was based on an overarching general cognitive ability?
Spearman
Who’s theory was based around equality between 7 different factors of intelligence?
Thurstone
What did Gardner introduce?
the notion of multiple intelligences
What were Gardner’s 7 intelligences?
Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence
What type of psychologist was Sternberg?
cognitive
What was Sternberg’s theory?
the triarchic theory
What are the 3 areas of Sternberg’s Triarchic theory?
Analytical thinking (componential intelligence- traditional thinking) Creative thinking (experiential intelligence- inventing something new) Practical thinking (contextual intelligence- applying knowledge to everyday contexts)
What is monozygotic?
one cell that has split- twins (identical genetic makeup)
What is the conclusion about genetics and intelligence?
Genetics probably set an upper limit to intelligence but whether it is reached depends on other psycho-social & environmental factors
Who has proposed theories of emotional intelligence?
Mayer & Salovey
Goleman & Bar-on
What are the 5 components of Goleman’s model of intelligence?
knowing emotions managing emotions motivation recognising others' emotions handling relationships
What is the main issue with measuring emotional intelligence?
self-report scales
