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Psyc2022 > Visual Perception > Flashcards

Visual Perception Flashcards

0
Q

First thing light hits when it enters the eye…

A

Cornea (outer protector of the eye)

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1
Q

Vision is our most

A

Predominant sense

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2
Q

From the cornea light then enters the

A

Pupil

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3
Q

Pupil can expand and contract which lets

A

More and less light in

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4
Q

The order of light travel into the eye…

A

Cornea - pupil - lens - retina

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5
Q

Focusing of the lens is done by

A

Contracting and expanding of muscles

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6
Q

We can focus our vision at different distances by

A

Contracting and expanding our muscles in the lens

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7
Q

For objects that are near you need to

A

Expand your muscles tightens the lense

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8
Q

For far away object we need to

A

Contract the muscles which pulls lens out flatter

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9
Q

Technical name for short sighted

A

Myopia

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10
Q

Myopia is when

A

Light that enters into the eye focusing on the front of the eye, causing a blurred image. By the time light enters the retina it’s gone out of focus

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11
Q

Technical name for far sighted

A

Hyperopia

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12
Q

Hyperopia

A

When light enters eye it’s focused on a point that is behind your retina causing a blurry unfocused image

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13
Q

Myopia can be corrected with

A

Negative or concave lenses

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14
Q

Hyperopia can be fixed with

A

Positive or convex lenses

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15
Q

Retina is the

A

Light sensitive membrane in the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors

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16
Q

Photoreceptors in the retina send signals to the optic nerve which then send signals to the

A

Brain

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17
Q

Blind spot in the retina is where

A

The optic nerve exits the retina to get signals/info to brain

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18
Q

Dark spot on your retina is called

A

Fovea

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19
Q

Fovea

A

The point at which an image would be projected onto through the lens if you were focusing on an object.

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20
Q

Area around the fovea (macula) is the most

A

Densest in photoreceptors

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21
Q

The lens project an image on the the retina

A

Upside down (brain flips it)

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22
Q

Retina contains over

A

100 million photoreceptors

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23
Q

Two types of photoreceptors are

A

Rods and cones

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24
Q

Cones are photoreceptors responsible for

A

Daylight vision visual acuity and colour

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25
Q

Cones are most dense in the

A

Foveal centre

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26
Q

How many types of cones are there?

A

3

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27
Q

Rods are a photoreceptors that we rely on more for

A

Night vision

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28
Q

Rods can’t give you

A

Colour vision

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29
Q

Rods are more highly concentrated in the

A

Periphery

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30
Q

Ganglion cells are in

A

Front of the rods and cones on the back of the retina

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31
Q

Ganglion cells send info from your cones and rods to the

A

Brain

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32
Q

There are …………….. Less ganglion cells than photoreceptors

A

100x

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33
Q

When nothing is happening a ganglion cell will

A

Fire rapidly at a resting rate

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34
Q

Each ganglion cell is responsible for

A

A area of photoreceptors

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35
Q

When light hits the retina the ganglion cell firing rate

A

Goes up or down depending on what sort of light and where it hits in the receptor field

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36
Q

The smaller the field of photoreceptors synapsed onto the ganglion cell the more

A

Visual acuity you will have

37
Q

Ganglion cell have

A

Centre-surround receptive fields

38
Q

Centre surround receptive field allow ganglion cells to

A

Processing different info in the centre field and surrounding field

39
Q

Two types of ganglion cells

A

‘On’ centre receptive field

‘Off’ centre receptive field

40
Q

Ganglion cells with ‘on’ centre fields will get turned on more if

A

Light hits the centre of the receptor field

41
Q

If light hits the edge of the ‘on’ ganglion cell then the

A

Firing rate will reduce (inhibitive)

42
Q

Ganglion cells work to

A

Filter and amplify info that has been sent by the photoreceptors

43
Q

Each photoreceptors is only able to detect a

A

Small area

44
Q

Ganglion cells ……………….incoming info from photoreceptors

A

Filter, smooth out and amplify

45
Q

Ganglion cells in crease our sensitivity to

A

Contrast (in our visual field) ie find edges and identify shapes etc even in poor lighting conditions

46
Q

Herman grid is an example of

A

A visual illusion that gives us a hint at how our ganglion cells are working (spots in the intersection)

47
Q

Hermans grid - if we focus on the intersection then

A

The illusion isn’t there. It’s white with no dark spot

48
Q

When the dark spot are at periphery of vision you

A

Get the dark spots more

49
Q

Why do you see black spots when look at the whole hermans grid without focusing

A

The receptive fields at the periphery are larger

50
Q

Ganglion cells nearer to fovea are……and when focused can see there are no black spots in the Herman grid

A

Smaller

51
Q

Another visual illusion

A

Mach bands

52
Q

Mach bands suggest that

A

When you have a gradient that’s moving from one particular type of brightness to another brightness you may notice darker grey band towards dark and lighter grey band as you move towards lighter band

53
Q

We use spatial perception to

A

Identify how far away object are

54
Q

Spatial perception works by

A

The light from various objects projecting onto the retina

55
Q

Two things that help in spatial perception

A

Monocular depth cues

Binocular depth cues

56
Q

Monocular depth cues are

A

You can just use info from one eye. Seem like common sense. They produce visual images that represent 3D space.

57
Q

Occultation (monocular depth cue)

A

If an object is behind another object we can assume the one that is in front is closest to us.

58
Q

Relative size and position (monocular depth cues)

A

Smaller objects tend to appear further away compared to larger objects

59
Q

Aerial perspective (monocular depth cues)

A

The more hazy something is assume it’s further away.

60
Q

Linear perspective (monocular depth cues)

A

Rail tracks. Lines that lead away from us and in an up indicate that something is retreating in distance.

61
Q

Accommodation (monocular depth cue)

A

Amount of contraction you have to do with your lens to focus on an object etc

62
Q

Binocular vision

A

Using two eyes.

63
Q

Being able to see the work in depth with two eyes (binocular) is called

A

Stereopsis

64
Q

We don’t have exactly the same visual field for both eyes this is called

A

Binocular disparity

65
Q

Our visual field is limited to ……….from left to right

A

190o

66
Q

With one eye covered our visual field is

A

110-120o

67
Q

Why do horses have bad binocular vision

A

Because of the positioning of the eyes at the side if their heads and don’t overlap

68
Q

Why did horses evolve to have better monocular vision than binocular?

A

Prey needs to be able to see danger anywhere. More important than depth perception. Periphery super important

69
Q

Predators have eyes at the front of their faces because

A

Larger area for binocular vision and depth perception not very good periphery.

70
Q

Horopter is the

A

Circle from both eyes to the object that is your point of focus

71
Q

Horopter circle

A

Any point on this circle will cast images on the same point for both retinas

72
Q

Image will be cast onto different points in the retina if the

A

Objects not on the Horopter circle (ie inside or outside circle)

73
Q

If the Image is closer than the Horopter circle it has

A

Crossed disparity

74
Q

If the object is further away than the Horopter circle than it has

A

Uncrossed disparity

75
Q

Binocular disparity can be

A

Crossed or uncrossed

76
Q

Stereoscopes are

A

Devices that present a slightly different image to each eye

77
Q

Stereogram is

A

An image that can be viewed in 3D

78
Q

Free fusion technique for stereograms is the technique of

A

Converging (crossing) or drive thing the eyes in order to view a stereogram

79
Q

How does free fusion work?

A

It fuses the images together causing the visual system to calculate the retinal disparity btwn each eye - giving the perception of stereopsis

80
Q

Two methods of free fusion technique are

A 
Parallel viewing (diverging)
Cross-eyed (converging)
81
Q

Cross eyed viewing is where

A

The eyes focus on something closer than the real image

82
Q

Parallel viewing is where the eye focus on something

A

Further away from the real image

83
Q

How do magic eyes work?

A

Cut out a shape

84
Q

How do 3D movies work?

A

Tricking the brain into thinking you two eyes are recovering similar but slightly different images. Tricks brain into using the images together giving 3D vision

85
Q

Left hemisphere is responsible for processing info from the

A

Left visual field

86
Q

Info from right eye also gets sent to the

A

Left eye

87
Q

Image projected onto the retina actually gets

A

Turned upside down

88
Q

Info from Your right side retina

A

Stays on the right side hemisphere

89
Q

Right side of your retina if your left eye is processed by

A

Your right hemisphere

Psyc2022 (11 decks)

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