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Psyc2022 > Hearing Sounds, Speach And Music > Flashcards

Hearing Sounds, Speach And Music Flashcards

0
Q

Sound waves can vary in terms of

A

Frequency and amplitude

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1
Q

Sound is…

A

Vibration of air. Travels into ears and you detect it. Changes in air pressure.

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2
Q

Frequency is

A

Wavelength - how fast the wave oscillates/repeats in certain amount time ie seconds. Number of waves per second

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3
Q

Amplitude is:

A

The height of the wave. How much air pressure is changing by the vibrations

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4
Q

Faster waves have

A

Higher frequency and higher pitch

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5
Q

Slower waves have

A

Lower pitch and lower frequency

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6
Q

Frequency is measured using

A

Hertz (Hz)

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7
Q

1 Hz indicates

A

1 cycle per second

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8
Q

Humans can hear from

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

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9
Q

Another way sound waves differ is in…

A

Amplitude (intensity)

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10
Q

Amplitude is:

A

The magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave (how large the peak or trough of the wave is)

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11
Q

Amplitude is perceived as

A

Loudness

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12
Q

Bigger waves have

A

Higher amplitudes are LOUD

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13
Q

Smaller waves have

A

Lower amplitude and are quiet

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14
Q

Amplitude is measured in

A

Decibels (dB)

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15
Q

Decibels is on a

A

Logarithmic scale

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16
Q

A logarithmic scale is

A

Where a 10 x increase in air pressure is = to an increase in 20 dB

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17
Q

Safe range of dB is

A

0-140 dB

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18
Q

Frequency and amplitude are more

A

Simplified characteristics of sound waves

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19
Q

Most sounds that we hear are

A

Complex sounds

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20
Q

Complex sounds are made up of

A

A spectrum of vibrations at different amplitudes and different frequencies

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21
Q

Complex sound example is

A

Human voice.

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22
Q

Timbre is

A

The quality of sounds conveyed by harmonics of different frequencies vibrating at the same time

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23
Q

When sound enters the ear canal what does it hit first?

A

The ear drum (timpanic membrane)

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24
Q

What happens when sound enters in the inner ear?

A

Oval window pushes onto the fluid in the vestibular canal of the cochlea

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25
Q

The cochlea looks like a

A

Giant shell spirals inwards

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26
Q

In the cochlea the movement of the fluid by the oval window that is then

A

Sent through the cochlea. This is the start of how we detect sound

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27
Q

Basilar membrane contains the

A

Organ of corti

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28
Q

How do we detect different amplitudes in our auditory system?

A

The greater the air pressure the stronger the vibration in the basilar membrane

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29
Q

The further the stereocilia are bent then the

A

Stronger the signal will be to the brain louder noise

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30
Q

How to we detect frequency in the cochlea?

A

Place coding is used (different areas of the cochlea are responsible for detecting different frequencies of sound)

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31
Q

Basila membrane is thick and narrow at the

A

Base of the cochlear

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32
Q

At the apex (middle-top) The basilia membrane is

A

Thin and wide

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33
Q

Higher frequency vibrations are picked up better at the ………..end of the basilia membrane

A

Base (oval window end)

34
Q

Towards the apex …………are picked up better

A

Lower

35
Q

As we age the first cilia that tend to get damaged are the ones closest to the

A

Base of the cochlea - the oval window due to being closest to the incoming higher frequencies

36
Q

As we age we become less able to hear what type of frequency sounds?

A

High

37
Q

Once the cochlea detect the frequencies they start to send signals to the brain via the:

A

Auditory nerve fibres

38
Q

Different auditory nerve fibres respond to different

A

Frequency and amplitude ranges to different extents depending on the positioning relation to the oval window or apex in the cochlea

39
Q

Brain picks up the quality of sound through the

A

Pattern of firing across the different auditory nerve fibres

40
Q

How many auditory nerve fibres are there?

A

1400 approximately in each ear

41
Q

Top down processes in auditory processing can help us to become more

A

Sensitive to certain frequencies.

42
Q

How do top down processes work in auditory

A

By sending signals via the auditory nerve fibres to the outer ear cilia which then change how the inner ear cilia respond to the frequencies

43
Q

Top down processing in auditory also helps us to

A

Focus in on certain sounds in the environment and ‘tune out’ of others

44
Q

First place auditory nerve fibres take info is the

A

Synapse in the brain stem

45
Q

In the brain stem the areas responsible for auditory processing are the

A

Cochlea nuclei and the superior olive

46
Q

Superior olive does this…

A

Binaural integration

47
Q

What is biaural integration?

A

Integrates info that has been detected by both ears

48
Q

Biaural integration is important for our ability to

A

Detect sound location

49
Q

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for higher processing of audio?

A

Auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

50
Q

One characteristic of primary auditory cortex…

A

It has tonotophic organisation

51
Q

What is tonotophic organisation?

A

Different areas of primary auditory cortex are mapped onto different frequencies

52
Q

Both sides of the primary auditory cortex process

A

Info from both ears

53
Q

The first level of auditory processing in the brain is done in the

A

Primary auditory cortex

54
Q

Depending on where the sound is coming from your head and pinna will…

A

Modify the sound slightly before it gets sent into your ear canal

55
Q

What different cues to we use to work out how far away the sound is?

A

Relative intensity
Spectral composition
Relative amounts of direct vs. reverberant energy

56
Q

Spectral composition (auditory distance perception) means that

A

Sounds further away have less slow frequency than high frequency due to moisture air absorption ( I.e thunder)

57
Q

Direct energy =

A

Coming from the source

58
Q

Reverberant energy =

A

Bounced off surfaces in the environment

59
Q

Sounds from far away will have more what type of energy?

A

Reverberant

60
Q

Auditory scene analysis is

A

How we distinguish between different sounds occurring in the environment

61
Q

What are the cues we use in auditory scene analysis?

A

Spatial segregation
Grouping by onset
Grouping by frequency
Grouping by timbre

62
Q

What is spatial segregation?

A

Soubds coming from same location are prob from the same source

63
Q

Grouping by onset means that

A

Sounds that start together tend to come from the same source

64
Q

Grouping by frequency

A

Sounds of similar frequency usually come from same source

65
Q

Restoration happens when

A

There is a gap in the sound and the auditory system fills in the gap so the sound sounds continuous

66
Q

Occluded sounds are sounds that are

A

Hidden

67
Q

It’s easier for our auditory system to restore a …………rather than ………….

A

A Noise rather than silence

68
Q

It’s easier to fill in interruptions of noise rather than silence because…

A

Due to the kinds of interactions we are used to. Much more used to being interrupted by noises so its more likely for us. No blocks of silence naturally

69
Q

Babies as young as 2months can differentiate between

A

Familiar vs unfamiliar

70
Q

Ways we perceive music

A

Melody

Rhythm

71
Q

Why did we develop musical perception?

A

Sexual attraction?
Basis for group bonding early in history?
Side effect of language evolution

72
Q

Formants in speech perception are

A

Bands of acoustic energy on a spectrogram caused by a particular resonance in the vocal tract

73
Q

Spectrograms show us

A

Which frequencies in the voice are used the most

74
Q

Each human voice has around …….distinct Formants (bands)

A

4

75
Q

How many Formants are crucial in distinguishing between speech sounds

A

3

76
Q

Coarticulation is when

A

The production of one speech sound overlaps with the next (depends on the vowel that follows)

77
Q

Lack of invariance is

A

Articulation of sounds is not consistent and changes in accordance to the surrounding sounds yet somehow we can still identify a particular sound as belonging to a particular category

78
Q

Categorical perception of speech sounds

A

We have a category of sound rather than being able to distinguish between minute change in the sound

79
Q

Categorical perception starts

A

From early infancy

80
Q

We have generally learnt acoustic categories by the time we are

A

In puberty

81
Q

Why would a Spanish native speaker have trouble pronouncing different English vowels?

A

Because their own native sound categories are different and once reached puberty is much harder to perceive and pronounce other language sound categories

82
Q

Phonemic restoration is called a…….approach

A

Top down

83
Q

Magurk effect

A

Auditory illusion. Says ba we hear gah and see lips as saying da. Integrating visual and auditory to see 3 different sounds.

Psyc2022 (11 decks)

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