Judgement And Decision Making Flashcards
We learn so much about judgement by looking at the
Errors of judgement we make
Social cognition
How our thought processes are influence by our social existence
Stereotype formation.
We judge ALOT within
Seconds!
When we form judgements of things/people we don’t actually have
Conscious awareness of how we do it
Masking is a technique used in cog psych to stop ppl from
Consciously processing an image. Mask image - face - mask image
Specific region in the……….showed activity when tracking how trustworthy one saw a persons face to be
Amygdala
The Amygdala can process
Social cues without awareness and make judgements
Judgement is
Process by which we form opinions, reach conclusions and make critical evaluations on basis of avail info
Decision making is
Process of choosing btwn alternatives, selecting and rejecting avail options
What is the difference btwn judgement and decision making?
Decision making is a controlled deliberate process. Judging is spontaneous.
We learn about how things go right by looking at
How they go wrong
Often when we make decisions we make them in what context…
Emotional
Key psychological processes that underlie judgement and decision making not only applies to psychology but to
Economics as well
Parsimony is very much a key cognitive process in
Making judgements and decision making
Most research in judgement and decision making has focused on
Errors people make and the biases
From our judgement and decision making capabilities
Not rationale internal statisticians!!
Level/ rational of judgement and decision making is not different for
Ppl from different educated/socioeconomic backgrounds
Our Experience of new phenomena is very strong influenced by our
Experience with past similar phenomena
Inferences we make guide our ………..which influence our…………
Schemas, judgements
Schema is
Models we create to Help us make sense of the world. Ie how to act/behave at a wedding.
Schemas help guide our
Judgements
We are all Cognitive misers. This means we
Process info with a minimal amount if mental effort. Use minimal, most salient info from our past experiences to construct judgements.
Cognitive miser is similar to
Parsimony
Being a cognitive miser is economical but the problem is…
Can lead to over-generalising and stereotype formation
Our initial impressions are very
Persistent, resistant to change
Perseverance of false beliefs refers to
The difficultly it takes to alter first impressions
2possible outcomes to judgement are
Assimilation
Accommodation
Assimilation is where we fit
New data within existing stereotypical theories.
Accommodation is when we
Change the stereotype to incorporate new idea
Research shows that we are much more likely to …………..than…………..
Assimilate this accommodate
Accommodation only happens
After a long time and build up if sufficient contrary evidence
It’s more economical for us to
Assimilate than accommodate
What is it called when we bend our experiences to fit within our existing stereotypes?
Biased assimilation
This process ……..enforces our stereotypes
Selective exposure
Selective exposure is the fact that we tend not to
Expose ourselves to situations that will challenge our stereotypes. Ie friendship groups with similar views. Only listen to media in line with our views
Our tendency to cling to initial theories can lead to us being
Overconfident because we underestimate the probability that initial theories could be wrong
Optimistic bias is when
Overconfident with ability to complete tasks in a set time. Me and exam cram revision!!
Cognitive biases are
Processes used to explain irrational judgement and decision making
Judgements and decisions often made on
Gutt intuition!
Two common errors in cog bias
Perceiving random events as non-random
Perceiving correlated events as casually related
Anchoring bias is
Insufficient judgement (up or down) from original starting value when judging value of some event or outcome. You are anchored to initial idea. Ie money for charities
Not $500 not $400 not $300 but $29.99 is an example of
Anchoring bias - planting higher value in you head first
Availability heuristic (bias) causes us to
Judge as more frequent or probable those events that are more readily imagined or retrieved from memory - even when objective evidence indicates otherwise
Availability heuristic simply is
Because it’s more available you judge it as being more likely
Availability heuristic (bias) are based on
Dramatic vivid individual cases placed in our memory - that come readily available when we make a judgement/decision regarding something similar
Talboild TV current affair relies on our……….by presenting dramatic cases rather than facts
Availability heuristic
Representativeness heuristic is
Belonging to a particular category implies having the characteristics considered typical of members of that category
When u meet someone who looks just like someone else and you expect that person to behave like the other person.. Is an example of
Representativeness heuristic
Our decision making is influenced by
The way the problem is posed and our assessment of the risks involved
Decision frames refer to the way in which a decision
Is presented to us. Even if data is the same.
When ppl make decisions they’re constantly evaluating
Risk strategies
Two types of risk strategies in decision making
Risk seeking
Risk averse
Risk taking in decision making depends on
Decision consequence
Familiarity with the material
Does group decision making ensure we make logical rational decisions
No!
Group decisions are in group think mode which usually seeks to
Don’t make waves, express doubts
Group think is
Desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision making outcome
Cognitive dissonance
When we don’t feel comfortable with what we think and about what we do actions)
