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Visual System Anatomy > Visual Pathway > Flashcards

Visual Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

centrocecal

A

includes fixation and the blind spot

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2
Q

scotomas

A

Island defect surrounded by “seeing field”

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3
Q

what is the optic chiasm surrounded by

A

circle of willis

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4
Q

nerve fiber bundle defect

A

nasal step

-Defects on the horizontal midline nasally >15 degrees away from central fixation

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5
Q

how many optic nerve fibers

A

1-2.2 million

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6
Q

optic chiasm relations

A
  • Posterior + inferior to the anterior cerebral + communicating arteries
  • Medial to the internal carotid arteries
  • Inferior to the third ventricle
  • Superior to the pituitary gland
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7
Q

striate connections

hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythm

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8
Q

what is the diameter of the intraorbital portion of the nerve

A

diameter: 3mm

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9
Q

pupils and optic tract

A

pupils affected if lesion is in the anterior 2/3 of the tract

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10
Q

where is the first place that a single lesion will affect both eyes

A

optic chiasm

nasal fibers cross the midline

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11
Q

optic radiation blood supply

middle radiations

A

deep optic branch of the middle cerebral artery

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12
Q

where does myelination occur

A

only in he postlaminar region

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13
Q

vertical organization

A
  • ocular dominance columns
  • columns for stimulus orientation
  • -responds to the direction of light
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14
Q

visual association areas names and functions

A

Brodmann areas 18, 19 now referred to as V2, V3, V4, V5

Functions as storage for visual patterns and recall

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15
Q

bitemporal hemianopia most common cause

A

pituitary gland adenoma

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16
Q

primary visual cortex blood supply

A

Calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery

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17
Q

superior network blood supply to optic chiasm

A
  • Anterior communicating artery

- Anterior cerebral artery

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18
Q

LGN retinotopic representation

A

A given point in the visual field projects to a specific location in the LGN

Fibers from corresponding points in both retinas terminate in neighboring areas of adjacent LGN layers

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19
Q

meyers loop

A
  • part of inferior retina (temporal)

- must pass through the temporal lobe by looping around the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.

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20
Q

optic chiasm

superior nasal fibers

A

cross to the contralateral, medial optic tract

-posterior knees of wilbrand

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21
Q

what does the calcarine fissure intersect

A

intersects the parietooccipital sulcus

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22
Q

what is the lamina cribosa

A

network of scleral fibers where the optic nerve exits the eye

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23
Q

To nucleus of the optic tract

A

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)

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24
Q

superior field is imagined in

A

inferior retina

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25
Q

inferior nasal fibers

A

cross to the contralateral, lateral optic tract

-anterior knees of wilbrand

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26
Q

function of visual cortex

A
  • Process visual information

- Integration of binocular information

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27
Q

optic tract lesions
right VF
left VF

A
  • right vf carried in left optic tract

- left vf carried in right optic tract

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28
Q

Paracentral scotoma

A

Does not affect fixation

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29
Q

Hemianopia or Hemianopsia

A
  • homonymous defect extends past the 180th meridian
  • involves half the visual field
  • respects the vertical midline
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30
Q

retinotopic representation visual cortex

A

Adjacent fibers in the LGN project to adjacent areas in the visual cortex

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31
Q

temporal field imagined in

A

nasal retina

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32
Q

optic chiasm

macular fibers

A

Macular fibers stay in the middle

  • Temporal fibers
  • Nasal fibers
  • —Cross to contralateral eye
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33
Q

temporal wedge

A

a small defect temporal to the blind spot

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34
Q

pericentral ring

A

Does not affect fixation

Makes an annular pattern

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35
Q

synapse 3

A

LGN nucleus

axons –> optic radiations

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36
Q

synapse 1

A

photoreceptor cell

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37
Q

list the parts of the ON longest to shortest

A

intraorbital > intracranial > intracanalicular > intraocular

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38
Q

homonymous

A
  • eye in both eyes
  • nasal in one eye, temporal in other
  • respects the vertical midline
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39
Q

LGN relations

A
  • Medial to the internal capsule
  • Lateral to the medial geniculate nucleus
  • Medial to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
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40
Q

anterior junction syndrome

A
  • compression of the optic nerve at its junction with the chiasm
  • central defect in ipsilateral eye
  • pie in the sky in the contralateral eye
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41
Q

optic disc fibers

A 
Nasal fibers
Temporal fibers
Superior fibers
Inferior fibers
Macular fibers
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42
Q

physiological blind spot

A

15 degrees temporal to fixation

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43
Q

a right homonymous hemianopsia lesion

A

left side

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44
Q

optic radiation blood supply

posterior radiations

A

calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery

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45
Q

ganglion cell

A

axons (optic nerve) –> optic chiasm –> optic tract

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46
Q

optic radiations fibers

A

superior fibers –> parietal lobe

inferior fibers –> temporal lobe

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47
Q

synapse 2

A

bipolar cell

48
Q

post-chiasmal VF

A

binocular

49
Q

post laminar blood supply

A

Ophthalmic artery
Central retinal artery,
Pial vessels

50
Q

optic chiasm

superior temporal fibers

A

exit to the medial optic tract

51
Q

binasal hemianopia and chiasm

A

involves both lateral sides of the chiasm

52
Q

magnocellular layers process..

horizontal organization

A

motion and low spatial frequency

53
Q

intraocular nerve prelaminar

A

fascicles: sheaths of astrocytes bundle ~1000 fibers per fascicle

54
Q

what surrounds the postlaminar region

A

EOMS

55
Q

visual pathway order

A

retina –> ON –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> LGN –> optic radiations –> striate cortex

56
Q

blood supply to the ON

prelaminar and laminar

A

peripapillary choroidal network, unfenestrated

57
Q

what is optic tract

A

-flattened. cylindrical band of ganglion fibers from the optic chiasm to the LGN

58
Q

what are the functions of the LGN

A

some visual processing

  • Ensures the most important information is sent to the visual cortex
  • Has a pathway to the visual cortex and other cortical areas
  • Has a pathway from the visual cortex
59
Q

optic radiation blood supply

anterior radiations

A

anterior choroidal artery

60
Q

what % of fibers from the optic tract go to the LGN

A

90%

61
Q

frontal eye fields

A

Voluntary and reflexive binocular eye movements

62
Q

synapse 4

A

visual cortex nucleus

63
Q

retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)

A
  • group of ganglion cells
  • arcuate scotoma or nasal step
  • horizontal midline typically respected
64
Q

where is the LGN located

A

on the dorsolateral portion of the pulvinar thalamus

65
Q

optic tract blood supply

A
  • anterior choroidal

- middle cerebral

66
Q

arcuate scotoma

A

Complete or incomplete/partial

Double arcuate

67
Q

optic chiasm

inferior temporal fibers

A

exit to the lateral optic tract

68
Q

optic nerve fibers

A
  • Distal from the chiasm
  • Proximal to the chiasm
  • –Macular fibers move to the center
69
Q

LGN vf loss

A

homonymous loss

70
Q

posterior lesion

A

congruent

71
Q

marginal tissue (of Elschnig)

A

connective tissue continuous with the sclera

72
Q

other names for primary visual cortex

A

striate cortex, brodmann area 17, v1

73
Q

where do retinal axons terminate

A

LGN

74
Q

anterior lesion

A

incongruent

75
Q

what is the function of glial tissue (ON)

A

separates the nerve from the retina, choroid, sclera

76
Q

primary visual cortex location

A
  • medial portion of the occipital lobe

- line of Gennari runs near the calcarine fissure

77
Q

intraocular nerve laminar

A

within the lamina cribosa

78
Q

what part of the ON is the post laminar

A

intraorbital

79
Q

Each layer receives information from only one eye at the LGN

A

2,3,5 ipsilateral

1,4,6 contralateral

80
Q

10% of fibers from optic tract go where

A

pretectal area,
superior colliculus
hypothalamas

81
Q

central or centrocecal defect ON

A

(+) APD, afferent pupillary defect

82
Q

LGN blood supply

A
  • Anterior choroidal artery

- Posterior choroidal artery

83
Q

optic tract fibers

A

Ipsilateral temporal fibers and contralateral nasal fibers are now grouped
-macular fibers are in the middle

84
Q

pre-chiasmal VF

A

monocular

85
Q

optic tract relations

A
  • Lateral to cerebral peduncle
  • Parallel to the posterior cerebral artery
  • Inferior to the globus pallidus
86
Q

cecal

A

enlarged blind spot

87
Q

optic radiation fibers

A

fibers fan out passing through the parietal and temporal lobes

88
Q

congruency and chiasm

A

incongruent- closer to chiasm

congruent- further from the chiasm

89
Q

what is affected first with compression to ON

A

macular fibers

90
Q

altitudinal

A

-Upper or lower half of the field affected
-Respects the horizontal midline
Unilateral
Bilateral

91
Q

meyers loop lesion

A

a lesion in the temporal lobe that results in damage to Meyer’s loop causes a characteristic loss of vision in a superior quadrant (quadrantanopia or “pie in the sky” defect.)

92
Q

bilateral altudinal

A

Damage to the upper or lower calcarine fissure of both eyes

93
Q

temporal crescent

A
  • Portion of the peripheral field without a counterpart in the nasal field of the other eye
  • Located very _anterior__ in the visual cortex
94
Q

inferior network blood supply to optic chiasm

A
  • Posterior communicating artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Internal carotid artery
95
Q

optic radiation relations

A

-lateral to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles

96
Q

what bigger structure of the brain is the LGN apart of

A

thalamus

97
Q

what bone does the ON go through

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

98
Q

optic radiations vf loss

A

likely a quadranopsia

99
Q

intermediary tissue (of kuhnt)

A

glial tissue separating the retina

100
Q

what are the 6 layers of the LGN

A

layers 1-2 = magnocellular layer
Layer 3-6 = parvocellular layer
koniocellular dispersed around

101
Q

meyers loop carry info from

A

carry information from the superior part of the visual field

102
Q

visual cortex fibers

A

superior fibers –> cuneus gyrus
inferior fibers –> lingual gyrus
macular fibers run more posterior

103
Q

intraorbital: postlaminar

A

fascicles acquire a connective tissue sheath and become myelinated by oligodendrocytes

104
Q

post-chiasmal lesions

A

damage affects the contralateral field

-vertical midline respected

105
Q

border tissue (of jacoby)

A

glial tissue separating the choroid

106
Q

what is the horizontal diameter of ONH

A

1.5mm (1500 um)

107
Q

pituitary gland location

A

located inferior to the optic chiasm

108
Q

blood supply to intracranial

A

Ophthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery

109
Q

what sheaths are attached to the optic nerve

A

EOM

MR and SR

110
Q

anatomical location

A
  • inferior to the olfactory tract
  • inferior to anterior cerebral artery
  • superior + medial to the ICA
  • lateral to the sphenoid body
111
Q

retinal nerve fiber layer

A
  • ganglion cell axons
  • papillomacular bundle
  • horizontal raphe
112
Q

cuneus lingual

A

cuneus- upper

lingual- lower

113
Q

parvocellular layers process..

horizontal organization

A

color and high spatial frequency

114
Q

visual cortex vf loss

A
  • congruent homonymous hemianopia

- VA usually not affected

115
Q

right side of VF imagined in

A

nasal retina in right eye

temporal retina in the left eye

116
Q

heteronymous

A

fields of both eyes show on opposite sides

  • bitemporal
  • binasal
117
Q

striate connections

superior colliculus

A

fixation and saccades

Visual System Anatomy (10 decks)

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