Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Visual System Anatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Visual pathway order

A

retina, ON. chiasm, tract, lgn, radiations, striate cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

synapse 1

A

PR cell

  • photon strikes photopigment
  • photopigment splits- chemical rxn produce message
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

synapse 2

A

bipolar cell

between PR and Gang

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

synapse 3

A

ganglion cell

axons (optic nerve) –> optic chiasm –> optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

synapse 4

A

LGN neuron

axon –> optic radiations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which part of the ON is the longest?

A

intraorbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what part of the sphenoid does the ON go through?

A

lesser wing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list the parts of the ON from shortest to longer

A

intraocular < intracanalicular < intracranial < intraorbitll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many fibers does the ON have

A

1-2.2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the horizontal diameter of ONH

A

1.5 mm (1500um)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the prelaminar part of the intraocular nerve

A

fascicles: sheats of astrocytes bundle ~1000 fibers per fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the laminar part of the intraocular nerve

A

within the lamina cribosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pathway of ganglion cells

A

ganglion cells from retina to LGN then become optic radiations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the lamina cribosa

A

network of sclera fibers where the ON exits the eye

- if IOP goes up –> damage to the perforated nerve fibers that are in the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

intraorbital portion of the ON diameter

A

3mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

intraorbital portion of the ON postlaminar

A

Fascicles acquire a connective tissue sheath and become myelinated by oligodendrocytes

-surrounded by EOMs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is longer: globe or intraorbital

A

intraorbital is loner than the apex-apex measurement of the globe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is between the fascicle in the post laminar part of the ONH

A

glial tissue is between the fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is the infraorbital portion of ON so long?

A

need wiggle room to look around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is myelination only located?

A

post laminar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

increases CSF affect on ON

A

push on it and it swells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which layer of the meningeal sheath has a lot of BV

A

PIa- helps profuse parts of the ON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does glial tissue in the ON do

A

separates the nerve form the retina, choroid, sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Intermediary tissue (of Kuhnt)

A

Glial tissue separating the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Border tissue (of Jacoby)

A

Glial tissue separating the choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Marginal tissue (of Elschnig)

A

Connective tissue continuous with the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the ON inferior to?

A

olfactory tract and anterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the ON superior and medial to?

A

ICA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the ON lateral to?

A

sphenoid body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the sheath of the optic nerve attached to

A

sheath of EOM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what two muscles does the optic nerve attach too?

A

MR and SR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what supplies the prelaminar and laminar portions of the ON

A

prepapillary choroidal network, unfenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what supplies the postlaminar portion of the ON

A

Ophthalmic artery
Central retinal artery
Pial vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what supplies the intracranial

A

Ophthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the circle of willis surrond

A

chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the chiasm posterior and interior to

A

anterior cerebral and communicating arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the chiasm medial to

A

internal carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the chiasm inferior to

A

3rd v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the chiasm superior to

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what supplies blood to the chiasm from the superior network

A

Anterior communicating artery

Anterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what supplies blood to the chiasm from the inferior network

A

Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is a flattened cylindrical band of ganglion fibers from the chiasm to LGN

A

optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where to 90% of the fibers from the optic tract go

A

LGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where do 10% of the fibers from the optic tract go

A

Pretectal area
Superior colliculus
Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is lateral to the optic tract

A

cerebral peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is parallel to the optic tract

A

posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is inferior to the optic tract

A

globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what supplies blood to the optic tract

A

Anterior choroidal

Middle cerebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where is the LGN located

A

dorsolateral portion of the pulvinar thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where do retinal axons terminate

A

LGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

magnocellular layer

A 
layer 1-2
large
motion/ low spatial frequency
upper/dorsal stream
where/how
4ca
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

parvocellular layer

A 
layers 3-6
small
high contrast, detail, high spatial frequency
ventral stream
what
4cb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

koniocellular layers

A

dispersed - dust like- small- color vision and high frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the function of the LGN

A

visual processing

  • Ensures the most important information is sent to the visual cortex
  • Has a pathway to the visual cortex and other cortical areas
  • Has a pathway from the visual cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is medial to the lgn

A

internal capsule and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is lateral to the lgn

A

medial geniculate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what supplies the LGN

A

Anterior choroidal artery

Posterior choroidal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is another name for optic radiations

A

Geniculocalcarine Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what part of the brain do the optic radiations pass through

A

parietal and temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is lateral to the optic radiations

A

inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what supplies the anterior radiations

A

anterior choroidal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what supplies the middle radiations

A

deep optic branch of the middle cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what supplies the posterior radiations

A

calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are other names for the primary visual cortex

A

striate cortex
Brodmann Area 17
V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A
  • Medial portion of the occipital lobe

- Line of Gennari runs near the calcarine fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what separates the cuneus gyrus and lingual gyrus

A
  • Calcarine fissure

- Intersects the parietooccipital sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

function of the primary visual cortex

A

Process visual information

Integration of binocular information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

visual cortex vertical organization

A
  • Ocular dominance columns
  • Columns for stimulus orientation
  • Responds to the direction of light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what eye does 146 to go to

A

opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what eye does 235 go to

A

same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

blood supply to the primary visual cortex

A

Calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Visual association areas other names

A

Brodmann areas 18, 19 now referred to as V2, V3, V4, V5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Visual association areas functions

A

Functions as storage for visual patterns and recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

striate connections to the superior collculus

A

fixation and saccades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

striate connections to the hypothalamus

A

Circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

striate connections to frontal eye fields

A

Voluntary and reflexive binocular eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

striate connections to

nucleus of the optic tract

A

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

retinal nerve fiber layer

A

-Ganglion cell axons

  • Papillomacular bundle
  • Horizontal raphe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

where do macular fibers move towards

A

the center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

where do the superior temporal fibers exit to

A

medial optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

where do the superior nasal fibers cross

A

cross to contralateral, medial optic tract

-posterior knees of wilbrand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

inferior temporal fibers exit to the

A

lateral optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

where do inferior nasal fibers cross

A

contralateral lateral optic tract

-anterior knees of wilbrand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

nasal fibers cross to

A

contralateral eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what two fibers go into eye

A

ipsilateral temporal fibers and contralateral nasal fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what fibers are seen in the optic tract

A

Superior peripheral fibers
Inferior peripheral fibers
Macular fibers are in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what fibers are seen in the LGN

A

Superior peripheral fibers
Inferior peripheral fibers
Macular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

optic radiation superior fibers

A

Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

optic radiations Inferior fibers

A

Temporal lobe

- meyers loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Visual cortex Superior fibers

A

cuneus gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Visual cortex Inferior fibers

A

lingual gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

where are the macular fibers in the visual cortex

A

run posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

retinal defects: temporal field is imaged in the

A

nasal retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

retinal defects: superior field is imaged in the

A

inferior retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Right side of visual field imaged in ____ retina of the right eye and ____ retina in the left eye

A
  1. nasal

2. temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

characteristics of retinal defects

A

unilateral, irregular shaped, can cross the horizontal and vertical midlines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

visual field of retinal nerve fiber layer

A
  • Group of ganglion cells
  • Arcuate scotoma or nasal step
  • Horizontal midline typically respected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

visual field of optic nerive

A

Central or centrocecal defect
With compression, macular fibers are often affected first
(+)APD, afferent pupillary defect - defect in ganglion cell fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

visual field of chiasm

A

Optic Chiasm
First place where a single lesion will affect both eyes
Nasal fibers cross the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

VF of pituitary gland adenoma

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what is the pituitary gland inferior to

A

optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Involves both lateral sides of the chiasm

A

Binasal hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Anterior Junction Syndrome

A
  • Compression of the optic nerve at its junction with the chiasm
  • Central defect in ipsilateral eye
  • “pie in the sky” in the contralateral eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Post-chiasmal lesions

A

Damage affects the contralateral field

  • Homonymous hemianopia
  • Incongruent - closer to chiasm
  • Congruent - further from the chiasm
  • Vertical midline respected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Optic tract: Right visual field carried in __ optic tract

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Optic tract: Left visual field carried in __optic tract

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

when are pupils affected in the optic tract

A

if lesion is in the anterior 2/3 of the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

what type of vfl does lgn have

A

Homonymous loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

what type of vfl do optic radiations have

A

Likely a quadranopsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Visual cortex

visual field

A
  • Congruent homonymous hemianopia
  • Visual acuity usually not affected
  • Macular sparing vs macular splitting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Temporal crescent

A

Portion of the peripheral field without a counterpart in the nasal field of the other eye
-Located very _anterior__ in the visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

visual field for prechiasmal

A

monocular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

visual field for post chiasmal

A

binocular

114
Q

where is the blind spot located in visual field

A

temporal

115
Q

Homonymous

A
  • Both eyes show a loss
  • Nasal field of one eye and temporal field of the other eye
  • Respects the vertical midline
116
Q

Hemianopia or Hemianopsia

A
  • Homonymous defect extends past the 180th meridian
  • Involves half of the visual field
  • Respects the vertical midline
  • “homonymous hemianopia”
117
Q

where does the lesion occur on a right homonymous hemianopsia

A

lesion occurred on left side

118
Q

Quadranopia or quadranopsia

A
  • Corresponding quadrant of both eyes are affected

- Respects the vertical midline

119
Q

lesion of: Homonymous superior right quadranopsia congruent

A

Lesion on left side of brain- temporal lobe

120
Q

Congruent

A

Defects are symmetric

121
Q

Incongruent

A

Defects are asymmetric

anterior probs at optic tract

122
Q

Heteronymous

A

Fields of both eyes show a loss on opposite sides
Bitemporal
Binasal

123
Q

Altitudinal

A
  • Upper or lower half of the field affected
  • Respects the horizontal midline
  • Unilateral
  • Bilateral
  • Damage to the upper or lower calcarine fissure of both eyes
124
Q

Scotomas

A

Island defect surrounded by “seeing field”

125
Q

Paracentral scotoma

A

Does not affect fixation

126
Q

Pericentral ring

A
  • Does not affect fixation

- Makes an annular pattern

127
Q

Cecal

A

Enlarged blind spot

128
Q

Centrocecal / cecocentral

A

Includes fixation and the blind spot

129
Q

Nerve fiber bundle defects

Nasal step

A

Defects on the horizontal midline nasally >15 degrees away from central fixation

130
Q

Arcuate scotoma

A

Complete or incomplete/partial

Double arcuate

131
Q

Temporal wedge

A

A small defect temporal to the blind spot

132
Q

when does the neural groove and neural folds form

A

day 18-21

+ last time we see endoderm

133
Q

when is the embryonic plate formed

A

week 3

134
Q

what does the neural ectoderm form

A

brain + spinal cord

135
Q

how are optic pits formed

A

indentations from the surface of the neural tube

136
Q

what does the optic stalk become

A

optic nerve

137
Q

how does the optic cup form

A

indents inferially + slightly nasal

- optic pit –> optic vesicle –> optic cup

138
Q

when does the fetal fissure begin to fuse

A

week 5

starts at center –> goes anteriorly + posterially

139
Q

when is the closure of the fetal fissure complete

A

week 7

140
Q

coloboma defintion

A

incomplete closure of the fetal fissure

-always inferially and slightly nasal

141
Q

coloboma: keyhole pupil

A

iris, usually bilateral, light sensitivity

142
Q

coloboma: retina

A
  • no RPE, can see straight through sclera, unilateral, can have no light perception
143
Q

how does the optic stalk form

A

tissue joining the vesicle to the neural tube constrict

144
Q

what muscles come from the neural tissue

A

dilator + sphincter

145
Q

order of structures in optic cup (outer to inner)

A

iris, cb, retina

146
Q

outer layer of optic cup epitheliums (outer to inner)

A

anterior iris epithelium w/ dilator + sphincter, outer pigmented cb epithelium, RPE

147
Q

inner layer of optic cup epitheliums (outer to inner)

A

poster iris epithelium, inner non pigmented cb epithelium, neural retina

148
Q

when does the lens placode form

A

day 27

149
Q

what is induction

A

formation of some structures depend on interactions among other tissues

need optic vesicle and surface ectoderm to form lens placode

150
Q

micropthalmos

A

small eyeball- neither optic cup or lens develop correctly blind eye- unilateral; small globe, need close contact for optic cup + lens to develop

151
Q

when does the lens vesicle separate form the surface ectoderm

A

day 33

clinical importance forms capsule

152
Q

embryonic nucleus

A

posterior epithelium elongates to fill in the lumen

153
Q

fetal nucleus

A

everything after embryonic nucleus up to when its born

  • contains all fibers formed before birth
  • mitosis at equator
154
Q

y sutures

A

tells us where embryonic nucleus is

-outside= fetal + adult nucleus

155
Q

y upright and inverted

A 
upright= anterior
inverted= posterior
156
Q

congenital cataract

A

appearance tells us where it is located

  • congenital= center- early in development
  • usually devastating in center
  • y suture cataract if it forms a bit later
  • — doesnt cause problems, fetal nucleus cataract
157
Q

when does the hyaloid arterial system begin

A

week 5

158
Q

what is the hyaloid artery a branch of

A

ICA

159
Q

what hyaloid artery enters ___ through the _____

A

optic cup, fetal fissure

160
Q

what lies within in the fetal fissure

A

bv, fills up vitreous cavity

formed from mesanchyme

161
Q

mesanchyme

A

combination of neural crest + mesoderm; CT of globe

162
Q

when does atrophy of hyaloid arterial system begin

A

month four

- starts to reabsorb,

163
Q

when does the central retinal artery form

A

month 4

- primitive retinal vessels emerge from the ON

164
Q

when is the hyaloid arterial system totally reabsorbed

A

by birth

- goal is to supply blood + nutrients to the lens

165
Q

bergmeister papilla

A

posterior remnant of on lens

glial tissue persists at the ONH

166
Q

mittendorf dot

A

anterior remnant of lens

  • pinpoint area of tissue on the posterior lens
  • opaque, black area
167
Q

where does the CRA develop from

A

portion of the hyaloid artery

168
Q

when do retinal bv fully form

A

3 months after 3

169
Q

retinopathy of prematurity

A

baby born early, put in o2 chamber

  • retinal bv don’t develop because there is no need
  • after taken out of chamber you get neo-vascularization- retinal detachment
  • now they gradually take out to allow bv growth
170
Q

what is the retina formed from

A

optic cup

171
Q

when does RPE pigmentation in the outer later of the opti cup form

A

weeks 3-4

172
Q

when do the inner layer of the optic cup form two zones

A

week 4-6

173
Q

where is the proliferative zone located

A

outer, germinative zone, closest to RPE, has cell bodies

174
Q

where is the marginal zone of his located

A

inner, anuclear

175
Q

what does the BM of the inner layer of the optic cup become

A

internal limiting membrane

176
Q

when does the migration of the proliferative zone occur

A

week 7

177
Q

what four layers emerge from the migration of the proliferative zone

A

outer neuroblastic layer, transient later of chievitz, inner neuroblastic layer, marginal zone of his

178
Q

what layers does the outer neuroblastic layer become

A

PR + bipolar + horizontal

179
Q

what layers does the inner neuroblastic layer become

A

muller, amacrine, ganglion

180
Q

when does differentiation of the neuroretinal cells occur

A

month 3

181
Q

what is crucial in the formation of the fovea and macula

A

displacement of the GCL and INL

182
Q

when doe ganglion cells and INL move to the peripheral macula

A

week 7

183
Q

a birth is there still ganglion cells and INL present?

A

yes thin layer in fovea

184
Q

when does complete displacement of ganglion cells and INL from fovea occur

A

4 months after birth

-

185
Q

where are the only cell bodies in the macula

A

ONL

186
Q

when can you see 20/20

A

age 5

187
Q

where/when do cones migrate

A

4-5y after birth

towards the center- so many cones that they get squished and look like rods

188
Q

ocular albinism

A

isolated to eye,

shining light to eye- coming out everywhere- RPE usually stops this, fovea doesn’t develop

189
Q

fovea aphasia

A

underdeveloped macula + foveal depresstion

190
Q

horinzontal raphe

A

ganglion cell axons wrap around mac bundles to get back to the optic disk to get to the brain- temporary

191
Q

how does VF look if damage to NFL

A

respects horizontal midline

192
Q

when does ganglion cell axon myelination begin

A

month 5 when axon reach LGN

193
Q

what are ganglion cell axons myelinated with

A

oligodendrites

194
Q

when does myelination reach chiasm

A

month 6

195
Q

when does myelination reach lamina cribosa

A

1-3 months after birth

196
Q

when does corneal formation begin

A

day 33

197
Q

what gives rise to the corneal epithelium

A

surface ectoderm

198
Q

what gives rise to corneal stroma and endothelium

A

neural crest

199
Q

corneal characteristics at birth

A

55D, circular and steep- eye is smaller- need steeper to refract light

200
Q

when does corneal curvature decrease

A

44D, 6 months after birth

201
Q

what gives rise to the sclera

A

neural crest cells

mesanchyme surrounding –> comes around –> forms sclera

202
Q

what gives rise to the choroid

A

neural crest cells

- has to be in contact with RPE to develop properly

203
Q

what does neural ectoderm give rise to in CB

A

outer and inner epithelium of CB

204
Q

what does neural crest cells give rise to in CB

A

to the ciliary muscle + stroma

205
Q

when does the tip of the optic cup elongate between the lens and the cornea

A

month 3

206
Q

what does neural ectoderm give rise to in the iris

A

anterior+ posterior iris epi, dilator + sphincter

207
Q

what does neural crest cells give rise to in the iris stroma

A

stroma

208
Q

what gives rise to the anterior border layer

A

mesanchyme;

area between cornea + lens

209
Q

how long can the iris darken

A

6 months after birth

210
Q

aniridia

A

absense of iris: eye is dilated all the time;

211
Q

increase in depth of focus means

A

decrease in pupil size

212
Q

when does a pupillary membrane form between the lens and cornea

A

month 3

bvs help supply blood to the cornea

213
Q

when is the pupillary membrane completely broken

A

month 8.5

vessels fragmented + disappear

214
Q

PPM

A

strings common
remnant of pupillary membrane
17-32% of population have this

215
Q

Primary Vitreous

A

old dengenerating tissue - hyaloid tissue

retina + lens fiber

216
Q

secondary vitreous

A

encloses the primary vitreous forming cloquet’s (aka hyaloid) canal

  • theoretical
  • secondary vitreous formed around this
  • forms attachments at vitreous base and hyaloid capsular ligament (weiger’s ligament)
217
Q

when do folds of surface ectoderm filled with ____ grow toward eachother

A

mesenchyme; month 2

218
Q

when do eyelid margins fuse

A

month 3

219
Q

when do eyelids separate

A

month 5-6

220
Q

what does surface ectorderm in the ocular adnexa give rise to

A
  • skin + conj epithelium, hair follicles + cilia, meibomian glands, zeis glands, glands of moll
221
Q

what does mesenchyme in the ocular adnexa give rise to

A

tarsal plate, orbicularis, levator, tarsal muscle of muller,

222
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to in the orbit

A

orbital fat and CT

223
Q

what does mesenchyme in the orbit give rise to

A

EOMs

224
Q

when is the lacrimal system fully develop

A

3-4 y

225
Q

what does the surface ectoderm give rise to in the lacrimal system

A

nasolacrimal drainage

226
Q

what do the bones of the skull form

A

anterior and superior portion

forms anterior cranial fossa

227
Q

what does the occipital bone form

A

posterior fossa

occipital lobe + cerebellum

228
Q

inion

A

external occipital protuberane

229
Q

-visual evoked potential electrode

A

measure electric potential that vision creates

-used if cant respond to visual acuity or if someone is faking VF loss

230
Q

where should the VEP be placed

A

3cm above inion- visual cortex is here

231
Q

squamous portion of the temporal bone

A

anteriorly, makes of most of the lateral portion

232
Q

petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

houses most of the middler and inner ear system

233
Q

CN6 Palsy with papilledema

A
  • 90 degree turn to go to cav sin
  • with increase IOP = increase fluid pushes brainstem down
  • stretches CN6 -double vision -papilledema
234
Q

what does the CN6 go over

A

petrous portion of the temporal bone

235
Q

body of sphenoid

A

along midline, forms the sella turica

236
Q

lesser wing

A

anterior, superior, smaller

237
Q

what is the optic canal formed by

A

hole between body and lesser wing

238
Q

what foramen lies within the lesser wing

A

optic foramen

239
Q

greater wing

A

projects more laterally

240
Q

foramens in the greater wing

A

rotundum, ovale, spinosum

241
Q

foramen rotundum

A

maxillary nerve CN5 V3

242
Q

foramen ovale

A

mandibular branch V2

243
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

244
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

v1 goes through this,

holds everything in cav sin (3.4,6)

245
Q

gap between the greater and lesser wing

A

SOF

246
Q

horizontal cribriform plate

A

olfactory nerve comes through here and goes to brain

247
Q

ethmoid air cells

A

lightens skull, forms ethmoid sinuses

248
Q

orbital bones

A

frontal, maxillary, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palative

249
Q

roof of orbit

A

frontal bone, lesser wing of sphenoid

250
Q

roof landmarks

A

fossa of lacrimal gland, trochlea

251
Q

what does the superior oblique muscle go through

A

trochlea

252
Q

supraorbital notch

A

supraorbital vessels + nerves

253
Q

supracochlear notch

A

supracochlear vessels + nerves

254
Q

floor bones

A

max (medial), zygo (lateral), palatine (posterior)

255
Q

floor landmarks

A
  • inferior orbital fissure- btwn orbit and pterygopalatine + temp fossa
  • infraorbital groove- canal in max bone
  • infraorbital foramen - v2 (max nerve)
256
Q

blow out fracture

A

hit in the eye

  • fracture of inferior floor- bone is broken
  • compresses globe, weaker due to canal, groove
  • double vision- numbness because of nerve, swelling, ecchymosis- black eye
257
Q

lateral wall bones

A

zygo, greater wing

258
Q

lateral wall landmarks

A

superior orbital fissure

inferior orbital fissure

259
Q

medial wall bones

A

frontal process of maxillary, lacrimal, orbital plate of ethmoid bone (majority, thinnest), body of spenoid

260
Q

lamina papyracea

A

paper thin - ethmoid

261
Q

medial wall landmarks

A

fossa of lac sac- anterior crest- max bone, poster crest: lacrimal
-naslac canal- tear drainage

262
Q

orbital dimensions

A

4 cm horizontal, 3.5 cm vertical, 4.5 deeep

263
Q

common tendinous ring aka annules of zinn and ocularmotor foramen

A
  • circular band of CT

- origin of rectus muscle

264
Q

through the optic canal and common tendinous ring

A

optic nerve goes through optic canal –> through ring –> to orbit, ophthalmic artery goes through here

265
Q

ophthalmic artery

A

all of circulation to eye ball and surrounding

266
Q

through superior orbital fissure above the common tendinous ring

A

lacrimal nerve, trigeminal nerve, trochlear nerve, superior ophthalmic vein (drains majority of globe)

267
Q

through the SOF and common tendinous ring

A

cn3, nasociliary nerve (CN5)- sensory, cn6

268
Q

through the IOF below the common tendinous ring

A

infraorbital nerve, infraorbital artery + vein

269
Q

sinuses

A

air filled cavities within four of the bones surrounding the orbit

270
Q

frontal sinus

A

above the frontal bone

271
Q

ethmoid sinus

A

medial to eyes, one of the thinnest- serious infection

272
Q

sphenoid sinus

A

medial to eye, more posterior, within body of sphenoid, can surround optic canal

273
Q

maxillary sinus

A

inferior to eyeball, largest, blowout fracture- orbital tissue into maxillary sinus

274
Q

orbital cellulitis

A
  • infection in orbit
  • thin wall ethmoid sinuses-> ethmoid- eats away through orbit
  • very serious infection
  • direct pathway from __ to __ to brian
  • proptosis, swollen, 30% die, hospital right away, double vision is telling factor, fever
275
Q

orbital connective tissue

A

keeps eye in place w/ infections, lines separates and anchors orbital structures

276
Q

periorbita

A

covers the bone

thickened at apex- forms annules of zinn, carries blood + nerves to the bone

277
Q

orbital septum

A

continuos with periorbita @ margins of bone
- 360 degree rim of orbit- tarsal plate
-keeps orbital fat in place
- prevents infection- from eyelis and back
- behind lac sac to prevent infection
behind glands of eyelids too

278
Q

preseptal cellulitis

A

infront of orbital septum
not as serious as orbital septum- away from brain
due to eyelid infection- mostly hordeoulum- can burst inside eyelid and cause infection in it
-if breaks through orbital septum can cause orbital cellulitis
treat with antibiotics
no double vision, proptosis, no fever

279
Q

muscle pulleys/ check ligaments

A

ct that stabilize muscle, prevents over acton of muscles, tissue to connect to bone

280
Q

suspensory ligament of lockwood

A

hammack like support so globe doesnt fall

inferior support

281
Q

tenon capsule

A

surrounds globe itself- all way around
barrier to infection getting into globe- into eyeball
between conj and episclera
acts as attachment to EOMs to eye (globe)
stabilization

282
Q

orbital fat

A

adipose tissue- fills in everything else in orbit

Visual System Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions