Visual Object recognition

Question 1

Agnosia

Answer 1

broad range of deficits related to recognition

Question 2

Visual Agnosia

Answer 2

involves deficits in visually-based object recognition, which occur in the absence of other accompanying problems with lower-level visual processing (i.e. those affected still have intact visual sensation

Question 3

hierarchical nature of visual processing

Answer 3

We go through different stages of processing to recognize objects

Question 4

amodal form of knowledge

Answer 4

independent of any one modality but able to be be accessed/retrieved on the basis of various kinds of sensory input?

Question 5

modal form of knowledge

Answer 5

always tied to a particular modality and thus only accessible on the basis of modality-specific kinds of processing?

Question 6

Amodal example

Answer 6

visual input can activate neurons in the visual cortex, which in turn can then activate neurons elsewhere in the brain (e.g. the hippocampus?), which is where the concept is actually stored/represented

Question 7

Modal example

Answer 7

visual input can activate neurons in the visual cortex, which in and of themselves actually store/represent the concept

Question 8

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 8

Typically involves an inability to recognize familiar objects based on shape

Question 9

a way to think about apperceptive agnosia

Answer 9

primarily affecting one’s ability to form a coherent mental representation (i.e. percept, or pattern, ‘putting the pieces together’)

Question 10

global level

Answer 10

the whole object being perceived

Question 11

Local level

Answer 11

small portions of stimuli being processed

Question 12

what level do visual agnosia patients have trouble perceiving? (global or local)

Answer 12

the global level

Question 13

what is a navon figure used for

Answer 13

used to test for impairments in local or global processing

Question 14

lateralization related to global vs local processing

Answer 14

Global features tend to be preferentially processed when stimuli are presented to the left visual field, Local features tend to be preferentially processed when stimuli are presented to the right visual field

Question 15

associative agnosia

Answer 15

Involves an inability to connect visual perceptions with meaning/memory

Question 16

what stages are affected by apperceptive agnosia

Answer 16

May primarily affect earlier stages of visual processing related to sensation

Question 17

what stages are affected associated agnosia

Answer 17

May primarily affect later stages of visual processing related to perception (higher-level meaning)

Question 18

a way to think about associative agnosia

Answer 18

capable of ‘putting together the pieces’ of a stimuli to form a coherent mental representation (i.e. pattern, perception, etc.) of whatever they’re visually processing but then can’t connect that with any meanin

Question 19

copying objects and apperceptive agnosia

Answer 19

pretty much entirely unable to copy the model objects

Question 20

copying objects and associative agnosia

Answer 20

their drawings very clearly stand out as looking ‘abnormal’`

Question 21

Anomia

Answer 21

impairments in object naming which can also occur in patients with visual agnosia

Question 22

category specific visual agnosia

Answer 22

These involve more selective impairments in identifying objects belonging to a particular category

Question 23

prosopagnosia

Answer 23

selective agnosia for faces

Question 24

prosopagnosia can result from 2 things

Answer 24

damage (e.g. stroke) or be congenital (present from birth)

Question 25

Type identification

Answer 25

higher-level (superordinate) category

Question 26

Token identification

Answer 26

specific examples from a given category

Question 27

One debate in the literature is whether or not the function of the FFA

Answer 27

is intrinsic (e.g. coded for in our genes), as compared to dependent on experience

Question 28

Inversion effects

Answer 28

are strong for faces, and are said to occur for stimuli that people have difficulty noticing unusual details (anomalies) in when turned upside down

Question 29

A neurological model (structural model)

Answer 29

Focuses on the physiology of the brain and Tend to be built on direct measurement (fMRI data)

Question 30

A cognitive model (process model)

Answer 30

Focusses on the cognitive processes, and in particular the stages of information processing, Tend to be built on indirect inferences

Question 31

Library model for visual object processing

Answer 31

we can look up an address (e.g. a numeric code) for a particular book in a database at a library, then use that address to locate the book within the library shelving system

Question 32

two major stages in the library model

Answer 32

processing of structural representations , ‘Visual semantics

Question 33

processing structural representations

Answer 33

involves forming a mental representation with a coherent pattern/perception

Question 34

Visual semantics

Answer 34

during which those abstract structural representations get matched to stuff in memory, which allows you to extract/impose meaning on the stimuli

Question 35

example of the cognitivie model

Answer 35

Library model

Question 36

criticisms of a library model?

Answer 36

not quantitative, descriptive rather than explanatory, Not constrained by/does not incorporate what we know about the brain

Question 37

dorsal stream

Answer 37

where pathway

Question 38

ventral stream

Answer 38

what pathway

Question 39

critisism of the what where pathway

Answer 39

Doesn’t necessarily always explain the behaviour. we want to explain relevant physiology and cognitive process

Question 40

variations in prosopagnosia

Answer 40

dissociations, within catagory impairment

Question 41

dissociations is prosopagnosia

Answer 41

one case study in which the patient could recognize facial expressions but not identify faces (e.g. recognize who they belonged to), another case study in which a patient could identify faces but not facial expressions

Question 42

Within-category impairments

Answer 42

being unable to discriminate being objects in a category

Question 43

what di deficits and and within category impairments suggest?

Answer 43

deficits in face perception may be the most likely/obvious symptom, what we refer to as prosopagnosia may more generally reflect a loss of perpetual expertise (which may be most obvious as it applies to facial processing for the average person)

Question 44

the expertise hypothesis

Answer 44

FFA is more generally used to process any stimuli that one develops expertise in within the visual domain

Question 45

greebles are processed

Answer 45

configurally

Question 46

what stream is the FFA located within?

Answer 46

ventral stream

Question 47

evidence for specialized modules in and around the ventral stream

Answer 47

FFA, Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA), Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

Question 48

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

Answer 48

Selectively response to places/scenes/landscapes

Question 49

Damage to the PPA is associated with what?

Answer 49

difficulty recognizing places/scenes/landscapes (topographic agnosia)

Question 50

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

Answer 50

Selectively responds to body parts

Question 51

Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Answer 51

records electrical signals directly from the cortex surface

Question 52

using ECoG

Answer 52

can actually use this method to alter brain activity and ask patient what they are perceiving