cognitive control

Question 1

Frontal lobe syndrome

Answer 1

characterized by a pattern of behavioural deficits in various aspects of control

Question 2

Lateral PFC associated with

Answer 2

control

Question 3

Medial/orbital PFC

Answer 3

seems to be associated with emotion and decision making

Question 4

Utilization behaviour/syndrome

Answer 4

an exaggerated tendency to have behaviour shaped by the external environment, in which unintentional and/or unconscious actions are triggered by the immediate environment

Question 5

Imitation behaviour

Answer 5

spontaneous copying of movements, gestures, etc. (could mirror neurons be involved?)

Question 6

Wisconsin Card-Sorting Task (WCST)

Answer 6

This involves a deck of cards with various properties (shape, colour, etc.) that need to be attended to in order to successfully perform particular rule-based tasks (e.g. sorting by colour)The rule-based task changes from time to time, which requires an ‘updating’ of behaviour based on the latest change

Question 7

Perseveration errors (WCST)

Answer 7

Involve difficulty changing a behavioural set that has already been learned/reinforced yet is no longer relevant

Question 8

Perseveration errors (WCST) may reflect

Answer 8

failure of inhibition, Some patients could actually (accurately) identify whether or not they were making the correct move, yet were unable to stop themselves during an in-progress error

Question 9

Measuring Neurological Deficits 2 effects

Answer 9

Difficulty filtering out irrelevant information, Difficulty selecting relevant information

Question 10

Piaget attributed the A-not-B error to a lack of

Answer 10

object permanence

Question 11

object permanence

Answer 11

an understanding that objects continue to exist, in a similar location/state, after we stop attending to them

Question 12

It has also been proposed that the A-not-B error might be conceived of as a failure of

Answer 12

working memory

Question 13

The Ne/ERN is thought to be generated in the

Answer 13

dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC), which includes the posterior anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Question 14

situations in which we would expect error signals related to performance monitoring

Answer 14

Pre-response conflict, Decision uncertainty, Response error, Negative feedback

Question 15

Pre-response conflict

Answer 15

occurs when a stimuli activates multiple response tendencies (e.g. the stroop effect)

Question 16

Decision uncertainty

Answer 16

lack of confidence in a decision

Question 17

Response error

Answer 17

an error made with some level of awareness

Question 18

Negative feedback

Answer 18

being told you have made a mistake

Question 19

There may be two ‘subtypes’ of ERN

Answer 19

Response ERN, Feedback ERN

Question 20

Response ERN

Answer 20

occurs without feedback

Question 21

Feedback ERN

Answer 21

peaks ~250-300 ms after feedback indicating a mistake

Question 22

what makes the PFC special 3 things

Answer 22

1. Sustained activity that can overcome potentially interfering signals from other parts of the brain
2. Capacity to effectively modulate other cortical areas
3. Ability to rapidly update activity patterns (e.g. learn/implement a new rule

Question 23

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Answer 23

demonstrate several potentially relevant properties that may assist them with sending relevant signals to the PFC for the purpose of controlling behaviour

Question 24

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Answer 24

Receive information related to sensory input, Are highly plastic (and can be very responsive to learning for that reason)

Question 25

Why could a reward prediction error signal be adaptive

Answer 25

Predicting future events, including outcomes/consequences (e.g. reward), and comparing those predictions to actual outcomes can help shape behaviour to be more constructiv

Question 26

unilateral neglect

Answer 26

While associated with lots of variability across patients, generally involves a lack of awareness of information on the side contralateral to the damage

Question 27

unilateral neglect brain areas

Answer 27

temporoparietal junction (TPJ), frontal eye fields (FEF), or the caudate nucleus

Question 28

does unilateral neglect extend to memory

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

How else might we explain neglect (besides simply being related to attention

Answer 29

Perhaps it could be better explained/described as involving a deficit in intention, and/or motor planning, rather than attention

Question 30

‘premotor theory of attention

Answer 30

proposes that what we think of as attention can be understood simply as an extension of the motor system (and relates to planning, e.g. preparing to make an eye movement, reach for something, etc.)

Question 31

what accounts for this apparent ‘amplification’ effect on attention, evident in ERP studies

Answer 31

1. More neurons responded while attending

2. The same neurons responded while attending, yet fired more vigorously

Question 32

Attention can also involve a

Answer 32

spatial component

Question 33

overt attention

Answer 33

refers to attention that is coupled to eye-movements (e.g. shifts in attention related to eye movements),

Question 34

covert attention

Answer 34

involves shifts in attention that are ‘decoupled’ (unrelated) to eye-movements