cognitive control Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal lobe syndrome

A

characterized by a pattern of behavioural deficits in various aspects of control

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2
Q

Lateral PFC associated with

A

control

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3
Q

Medial/orbital PFC

A

seems to be associated with emotion and decision making

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4
Q

Utilization behaviour/syndrome

A

an exaggerated tendency to have behaviour shaped by the external environment, in which unintentional and/or unconscious actions are triggered by the immediate environment

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5
Q

Imitation behaviour

A

spontaneous copying of movements, gestures, etc. (could mirror neurons be involved?)

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6
Q

Wisconsin Card-Sorting Task (WCST)

A

This involves a deck of cards with various properties (shape, colour, etc.) that need to be attended to in order to successfully perform particular rule-based tasks (e.g. sorting by colour)The rule-based task changes from time to time, which requires an ‘updating’ of behaviour based on the latest change

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7
Q

Perseveration errors (WCST)

A

Involve difficulty changing a behavioural set that has already been learned/reinforced yet is no longer relevant

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8
Q

Perseveration errors (WCST) may reflect

A

failure of inhibition, Some patients could actually (accurately) identify whether or not they were making the correct move, yet were unable to stop themselves during an in-progress error

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9
Q

Measuring Neurological Deficits 2 effects

A

Difficulty filtering out irrelevant information, Difficulty selecting relevant information

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10
Q

Piaget attributed the A-not-B error to a lack of

A

object permanence

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11
Q

object permanence

A

an understanding that objects continue to exist, in a similar location/state, after we stop attending to them

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12
Q

It has also been proposed that the A-not-B error might be conceived of as a failure of

A

working memory

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13
Q

The Ne/ERN is thought to be generated in the

A

dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC), which includes the posterior anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

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14
Q

situations in which we would expect error signals related to performance monitoring

A

Pre-response conflict, Decision uncertainty, Response error, Negative feedback

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15
Q

Pre-response conflict

A

occurs when a stimuli activates multiple response tendencies (e.g. the stroop effect)

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16
Q

Decision uncertainty

A

lack of confidence in a decision

17
Q

Response error

A

an error made with some level of awareness

18
Q

Negative feedback

A

being told you have made a mistake

19
Q

There may be two ‘subtypes’ of ERN

A

Response ERN, Feedback ERN

20
Q

Response ERN

A

occurs without feedback

21
Q

Feedback ERN

A

peaks ~250-300 ms after feedback indicating a mistake

22
Q

what makes the PFC special 3 things

A
  1. Sustained activity that can overcome potentially interfering signals from other parts of the brain
  2. Capacity to effectively modulate other cortical areas
  3. Ability to rapidly update activity patterns (e.g. learn/implement a new rule
23
Q

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons

A

demonstrate several potentially relevant properties that may assist them with sending relevant signals to the PFC for the purpose of controlling behaviour

24
Q

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons

A

Receive information related to sensory input, Are highly plastic (and can be very responsive to learning for that reason)

25
Why could a reward prediction error signal be adaptive
Predicting future events, including outcomes/consequences (e.g. reward), and comparing those predictions to actual outcomes can help shape behaviour to be more constructiv
26
unilateral neglect
While associated with lots of variability across patients, generally involves a lack of awareness of information on the side contralateral to the damage
27
unilateral neglect brain areas
temporoparietal junction (TPJ), frontal eye fields (FEF), or the caudate nucleus
28
does unilateral neglect extend to memory
yes
29
How else might we explain neglect (besides simply being related to attention
Perhaps it could be better explained/described as involving a deficit in intention, and/or motor planning, rather than attention
30
‘premotor theory of attention
proposes that what we think of as attention can be understood simply as an extension of the motor system (and relates to planning, e.g. preparing to make an eye movement, reach for something, etc.)
31
what accounts for this apparent ‘amplification’ effect on attention, evident in ERP studies
1. More neurons responded while attending | 2. The same neurons responded while attending, yet fired more vigorously
32
Attention can also involve a
spatial component
33
overt attention
refers to attention that is coupled to eye-movements (e.g. shifts in attention related to eye movements),
34
covert attention
involves shifts in attention that are ‘decoupled’ (unrelated) to eye-movements