Social behavior

Question 1

Delay gratification

Answer 1

withholding from an immediate reward for the purpose of achieving a longer-term goal

Question 2

stronger delay gratification is correlated to

Answer 2

with higher SAT scores, lower rates of obesity and substance use, etc

Question 3

stronger delay gratification is related to which part of the brain

Answer 3

PFC development

Question 4

Delay discounting

Answer 4

the diminishing value associated with an outcome that is temporally distant (e.g. in the future)

Question 5

Frontal cortex can be divided up into three major regions

Answer 5

Motor/premotor
Paralimbic
Heteromodal

Question 6

Paralimbic

Answer 6

associated with social behaviour, and includes the anterior cingulate and caudal orbitofrontal regions (which corresponds roughly with the vmPFC

Question 7

Motor/premotor

Answer 7

involved in planning and organizing movements and actions

Question 8

Heteromodal

Answer 8

a region that receives input from multiple sensory or multimodal areas

Question 9

vmPFC damage is associated with what has been termed

Answer 9

psudopsycopathy’ and ‘acquired sociopathy’

Question 10

It has been proposed that Theory of Mind (ToM) involves two essential steps

Answer 10

1. Must represent another person as an individual

2. Must represent that person’s mental state

Question 11

step two on ToM is sometimes referred to as mentalizing which involves

Answer 11

representations associated with thoughts, motivations, emotions, knowledge, etc. of another

Question 12

what tests ToM

Answer 12

false belief test

Question 13

ToM is sometimes taken as a

Answer 13

developmental milestone Abnormal ToM has been hypothesized to play a role in Autism

Question 14

damage to the anterior paracingulate cortex can result in a variant of

Answer 14

Frontotemporal dimentia dementia involving a decline over control over social behaviour, decision making, and emotion

Question 15

the anterior paracingulate cortex roughly corresponds to

Answer 15

medial PFC

Question 16

temporoparetal junction (TPJ)

Answer 16

supports ToM

Question 17

TPJ vs anterior paracingulate cortex

Answer 17

They found evidence that the TPJ is recruited for ToM judgments, while the anterior paracingulate cortex may get recruited for more general judgments involving mental state concepts

Question 18

damage to the TPJ often results in

Answer 18

hemispatial neglect

Question 19

Hemi neglect

Answer 19

characterized as a failureto attend to objects/information on one side of your visual field

Question 20

Alternative Account of the TPJ

Answer 20

TPJ activity noted by others could be more generally explained as a result of a task requirement to break a current attentional set,

Question 21

TMS in a control area

Answer 21

deliver actual stimulation to another region

Question 22

Pro to TMS in a control area

Answer 22

actually controls for more generalized effects that might result from that kind of stimulation

Question 23

Con to TMS in a control area

Answer 23

choice of where to stimulate is not always straightforward

Question 24

Sham stimulation

Answer 24

create the illusion of delivering stimulation (e.g. simulate with sound, etc.)

Question 25

Pro Sham stimulation

Answer 25

do not risk introducing a confound related to stimulating a different region

Question 26

Con Sham stimulation

Answer 26

does not control for the possibility of more generalized effects that might result from any (non-specific) electrical stimulation of the cortex

Question 27

Results from TMS stimulation of the TPJ

Answer 27

For trials in which there was malicious intent but no harm occurred, TPJ, applying TMS resulted in judgements that endorsed the notion that the protagonist was acting more permissibly In other words, the intentions of the protagonist no longer seemed to be factored in as heavily, while the outcome seemed to be more influential

Question 28

TMS stimulation of the TPJ results suggest

Answer 28

that the TPJ might be particularly relevant when marking moral judgments in more ambiguous situations

Question 29

Autism spectrum disorder and intention

Answer 29

ASD and controls made similar judgments in terms of intentional harm and accidental harm however ASD participants’ responses were less affected by (i.e. less sensitive to) information related to intention

Question 30

Activation in the TPJ while judgement making for individuals with ASD and control

Answer 30

Higher activation in TPJ for controls making judgments involving accidental (rather than intentional) harm, but not in the ASD group

Question 31

Experiential learning

Answer 31

based on direct experience (e.g. getting reinforced for a choice you make)

Question 32

Observational learning

Answer 32

based on indirect experience (e.g. seeing someone else get reinforced for a choice they make

Question 33

Action prediction error

Answer 33

gauges degree of mismatch between what the participant expected the confederate would do and what they actually did

Question 34

Action prediction error is associated with

Answer 34

dorsolateral PFC

Question 35

Reward prediction error

Answer 35

gauges degree of mismatch between the expected and delivered outcome

Question 36

Reward prediction error assocaited with

Answer 36

ventral striatum

Question 37

Observational outcome prediction error

Answer 37

gauges degree of mismatch between what the participant predicted the outcome would be for the confederate, as compared to what was delivered

Question 38

Observational outcome prediction error associated with

Answer 38

vmPFC and the ventral striatum

Question 39

insular cortex is related to

Answer 39

processing of both interpersonal and physical warmth emotional unconsciousness

Question 40

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)

Answer 40

be activated, in step with degree of subjective feelings of reported social distress

Question 41

physical-social pain overlap hypothesis

Answer 41

suggests that overlapping regions of the brain are associated with both physical and socially-based pain