Declarative Memory

Question 1

parallel distributed processing’ (PDP) model

Answer 1

Knowledge is represented in the distributed pattern of activity of many units (or ‘nodes’)

Question 2

Weights

Answer 2

(values between 0 and 1) at each of the many connections determine how signals sent from a given unit will either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit when transmitted through that particular connection

Question 3

PDP models

Answer 3

conceptual in many ways, yet the fact that the essential ‘pieces’ look/work a whole lot like how we understand neurons look/work means it has a biologically plausible form that we could consider a sort of ‘neural network’

Question 4

The way PDP models operate has some similarity to how

Answer 4

repeated firing of connected neurons can strengthen those connections (long-term potentiation, LTP: ‘Neurons that fire together wire together’: Donald Hebb)

Question 5

Can also relate PDP models to

Answer 5

ling term depression models

Question 6

relate long-term depression (LTD

Answer 6

) to these models, in which repeated firing can also (depending on how everything is connected) selectively weaken connections

Question 7

PDP networks consist of 3 ‘layers’ of units

Answer 7

Input units, hidden units, output units

Question 8

input units (and e.g.)

Answer 8

activated by stimulation from the environment (e.g. retinal activity when viewing pictures of faces during an experiment

Question 9

Hidden units (and example)

Answer 9

receive signals from input units feature detectors in visual cortex that receive signals from the retina, neurons involved in perceptual judgments and decisions making

Question 10

output units (and e.g.)

Answer 10

receive signals from hidden units(e.g. neurons involved in delivering the response provided by the person making the judgment

Question 11

rogers et al 2004 and PDP

Answer 11

programmed simulated ‘lesions’ into the system to see how disabling/compromising a random assortment of units affects the output

Question 12

rogers et al 2004 found

Answer 12

the errors made by the compromised system were qualitatively similar to those shown by patents with semantic dementia

Question 13

not a must but

Answer 13

could

Question 14

PDP models demonstrate

Answer 14

Graceful adaptation

Question 15

graceful degradation,

Answer 15

which means selectively damaging certain units doesn’t necessarily result in a complete breakdown of the whole system

Question 16

PDP general explanation

Answer 16

interaction of all the parts of the system that encode not necessarily one unit firing the collective connectivity is what allows you to represent objects

Question 17

Petersen et al block design

Answer 17

block of one trial and a block of another trial and used subtractive logic looking at fixation blocks and word blocks he was able to subtract activity from fixation blocks from brain scans when looking at word blocks and then what might be left is the activity specific to those blocks

Question 18

Tulving et al study

Answer 18

compares neural activation during the presentation of novel stimuli with the same during familiar stimuli based on the assumption that the inherent novelty would, on average, result in more robust encoding mechanisms being automatically recruited

Question 19

Tulving et al study procedure

Answer 19

showed one photo on one day and then brought participants back a second day and showed them old photos as well as new ones

Question 20

tulving et al study results

Answer 20

Found greater hippocampus and parahippocampal activation during the presentation of ‘new’ stimuli, as compared to ‘old’

Question 21

Stern et al. procedure

Answer 21

showed 40 novel images with instructions to encode them for a later memory test Compared activation in a ‘one-item’ condition in which only a single image is presented on each trial, to that in a ‘many-items’ condition in which several images are presented on each trial

Question 22

Stern et al. results

Answer 22

Found greater activation in the ‘many-item’ condition, as compared to the ‘one-item’ condition, within several regions (including posterior hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and fusiform gyri)

Question 23

EPR and long term memory steps

Answer 23

Present a series of stimuli, one at a time,Average ERP’s time-locked to stimulus onset, Test memory of participants for stimuli, Compare ERP’s recorded during initial stimulus presentation, as a function of subsequent memory performance

Question 24

Advantage to using ERPs to test long term memory

Answer 24

One advantage of this design could be that participants perform the same task on every trial (unlike some of the other PET/fMRI work we discussed, e.g. comparing blocks of fixation to blocks of encoding

Question 25

disadvantage to using ERPs to test long term memory

Answer 25

lots of variability in how predictive the signal is, which seems to (at least in part) be related to the form the test takes (free recall vs. cued recall vs. comprehension)

Question 26

mechanism related to spatial cognition

Answer 26

Hippocampus

Question 27

Maguire, Woolett, & Spiers and taxi drievers

Answer 27

Found that the taxi drivers had more gray matter in mid-posterior hippocampus, and less in anterior hippocampus, as compared to the bus drivers

Question 28

incidental encoding

Answer 28

is said to occur when encoding proceeds automatically, or without specific intention

Question 29

Contextual reinstatement involves 2 things

Answer 29

First activating knowledge about more general properties, Then using that general knowledge to focus your memory search

Question 30

contextual restrainment is related to the idea of

Answer 30

mental time travel

Question 31

Polyn et al.

Answer 31

had members remember images while in a brain scan and then were later asked to recall images…based on image results researchers were able to accurately predict which objects were being remembered

Question 32

Ranganath et al.

Answer 32

Found that activation in the left dorsolateral PFC and left hippocampus shortly after stimulus presentation predicted performance, In other words, objects presented during the memory test that were correctly responded to were associated with greater activation in those areas during initial processing

Question 33

Functional connectivity

Answer 33

refers to two or more regions whose activity is correlated (implying they ‘talk’ to each other)

Question 34

Ranganeth et al experiment showed

Answer 34

Functional connectivity

Question 35

Noetic

Answer 35

knowing, or self-knowing, which can take two general forms

Question 36

Anoetic

Answer 36

not knowing