Decision making

Question 1

deterministic behaviors

Answer 1

out of our control like a reflex

Question 2

non-deterministic decisions

Answer 2

given the same stimulus inputs, an individual may respond to it in dif­ferent ways, depending upon the context

Question 3

To begin with, we can distinguish between three broad kinds of decisions, which may all have underlying differences in their neurology

Answer 3

1. perceptual decisions
2. value-based decisions
3. foraging decisions

Question 4

perceptual decisions

Answer 4

focus on a decision that is the straightforward clear objectively right answer

Question 5

Value-based decisions

Answer 5

more complex where there isn’t a singularly correct answer

Question 6

Foraging Decisions

Answer 6

animalistic

Question 7

random dot motion stimulus

Answer 7

all dots move in the same direction or all dots can move in different directions “coherence”

Question 8

activity of neurons in ______ were found to be closely related to ______

Answer 8

Medial Temporal region, coherence of motion

Question 9

Eye movements are controlled by the

Answer 9

frontal eye fields (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC)

Question 10

The lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) links

Answer 10

the MT with the FEF and SC

Question 11

role of LIP neurons

Answer 11

suggest LIP neurons are somehow involved in the decision making and/or motor planning process(es), rather than a role that is limited to perceptual processing

Question 12

Neuroeconomics

Answer 12

Comparisons between different kinds of options rely on this abstract measure of subjective value, a kind of “common currency” for choice

Question 13

expectancy value theory has two primary variables

Answer 13

Gain, Probablility

Question 14

Gain

Answer 14

the result expected to come from a particular action

Question 15

Probability

Answer 15

the probability associated with an expected gain

Question 16

expectancy value theory

Answer 16

rational decision makers should multiple expected gains by their associated probabilities to help maximize decisions

Question 17

expected value from a decision caused firing where?

Answer 17

the activity in LIP neurons was closely related to the expected value

Question 18

Amodal decsion making location

Answer 18

orbito-medial PFC, or omPFC could represent a good target for such a role

Question 19

The omPFC receives input from

Answer 19

from all modalities and limbic areas

Question 20

Value transitivity

Answer 20

the value of one item can be expressed in terms of a quantity of any other

Question 21

three different kinds of neurons in the OFC which responded to different properties

Answer 21

1. One type of neuron was interpreted as representing the value of a specific juice
2. Another type of neuron was interpreted as representing the value of the other juice
3. Another type of neuron was interpreted as representing the value of the choice, that is, the difference in value between the two options

Question 22

three dimensions of foraging decisions

Answer 22

Encounter value
search value
search cost

Question 23

encounter value

Answer 23

the value of exploiting whatever option/resource one has currently available to them

Question 24

Search vlaue

Answer 24

: the potential value in exploring and stumbling upon a better option/resource than what is currently available

Question 25

search cost

Answer 25

the energetic cost (e.g. calories) of searching for more options

Question 26

Dorsomedial frontal cortex activation (dmFC, which includes the anterior cingulate cortex, or ACC)

Answer 26

foraging decisions