Visual Development

Question 1

What did bowlby 1969 do?

Answer 1

Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness. Homo sapient descended from a lineage of human species living in the Pleistocene epoch 1.6m 10000 years ago

Question 2

What did Aristotle say?

Answer 2

Blank slate

Question 3

What did Plato believe?

Answer 3

Children born with innate knowledge

Question 4

What did Piaget 1954 say

Answer 4

At birth infants perception is highly impoverished, can perceive light but not complex forms. Construvist approach

Question 5

What did Haith and benson 1998 say?

Answer 5

Precocious infant(developing abilities earlier than expected) we are born with greater capacities for perceiving/acting in the world than observation suggests
Nativist approach

Question 6

What is phylogeny

Answer 6

Concerns evolutionary origins of a speives

Question 7

What is ontogeny?

Answer 7

Concerns the developmental lifespan of a signal organism

Question 8

What did Cowan 1979 find?

Answer 8

Between 10-26 weeks post conception, rate of growth is 250000 cells a minute

Question 9

How many neurons does the cerebral cortex contain?

Answer 9

10 billion

Question 10

What does occipital lobe do

Answer 10

Vision

Question 11

What does temporal lobe do

Answer 11

Hearing/speech

Question 12

What does parietal lobe do?

Answer 12

Spatial perception

Question 13

What does frontal lobe do?

Answer 13

Motor control

Question 14

How do senses develop?

Answer 14

Heterochronously

Question 15

What is the iris

Answer 15

Structure controlling the diameter of the pupil so controls how much light to let in

Question 16

What is the cornea

Answer 16

Transparent surface on the eye that refracts the light

Question 17

What does the lens do?

Answer 17

Refracts light, changes size to focus on objects at different distances. Controlled by cilantro myscles

Question 18

What is the retina?

Answer 18

The layer of tissue containing light sensitive photoreceptors: rods and cones
Rods: low light, black/white vision
Cones: bright light, colour vision

Question 19

What is macula?

Answer 19

Region provides high acuity vision

Question 20

What’s the fovea?

Answer 20

Highest concentration of cones, greatest visual acuity

Question 21

Where do neural signals travel?

Answer 21

Down optic nerve

Question 22

What did slater et al 2010 find?

Answer 22

Eye and brain increase 3-4 times in volume, body increases 21 times in volume

Question 23

What slater et al 2010 find? I

Answer 23

Neonate first focuse at 30cm regardless of object distance, promostes attention to important stimuli e.g. Mothers face/breast and limits distraction
Adults have highest no of cones in fovea, newborn even distribution of cones
Peripheral vision is similar to adults but foveal acuity is immature

Question 24

What is a normal persons eyesight?

Answer 24

20/20 means a person can see details from 20 feet, which is what a normal person can do

Question 25

What is preferential looking?

Answer 25

Looking time measures at 2+ stimuli, preference inferred from looking time

Question 26

What is a infants visual acuity?

Answer 26

At birth 1-2 cycles per degree (6/80 snellon acuity)
At 6/24 at 6 months
Fully mature 3-4 years

Question 27

What did Fantz do 1960?

Answer 27

Challenged infants could only perceive light, as found they preferentially looked towards faces, complex patterns then plain stimuli

Question 28

What is contrast sensitivity?

Answer 28

Explains pattern preferences, drawn to high areas of contrast (banks and Ginsburg 1985)

Question 29

What are fixations?

Answer 29

When eye is stable and visual info is extracted

Question 30

What are saccades?

Answer 30

Rapid eye movements that relocate eye to new point of fixation
Accelerates>peak velocity>decelerates
Saccades mature by 4 months (Adolph and Jon 2007)

Question 31

What did haith et al 1982 find?

Answer 31

Even in dark rooms display eye movements- endogenous (internal cause)
Neonate respind to visual stimuli:exogenous

Question 32

What is depth perception?

Answer 32

Ability to judge distance of objects apart of with ourselves, important to understand environment. This allows safe exploration, needs to develop before crawling
By 4 months can fixate in objects at different distances and track objects moving in depth 3D (hairline and riddell 1995)
Eyes are delegated in space and give different views of the world-retinal display. Depth perception is perceived from this- steropsis

Question 33

What are binocular depth cues?

Answer 33

Steep vision created from differentt views of the world. Sensitivity to these emerge 2-3 months of age and improves rapidly first year of life birch 1993

Question 34

What are kinetic depth cues?

Answer 34

Movement of body/object. At 3-4 months, babies will blink defensively at objects moving towards their eyes (names and yonas 1994)

Question 35

What are pictorial depth cues?

Answer 35

A picture close to us will contain more detail and occlusion of objects to help us understand more about distance. Develops between 5-7 months of age (Yonas et al 1986)

Question 36

What age do infants descriminate colour?

Answer 36

2 months

Question 37

What is visual organisation?

Answer 37

Size consistency(perceiving as same size no matter the distance)
Abstract one idea based on familiar info
Ghim (1990) habituated 3-4 month infants to a square, in test looked less at the square suggesting they perceived its form
Kil an and spelke 1982 showed 4 month old infants looked longer at broken rod suggesting in habituation perceived as a whole rod

Question 38

slater 2001

Answer 38

Movements slow and inaccurate at the start, but adult like 4-6 months