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Important Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognition

A

inner processes and products of the mind leading to knowledge

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2
Q

what is the hardware/software of the brain

A

hardware: brain
software: function

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3
Q

name Piagets stages

A

Sensori motor intelligence: 0-2 years
Preoperational thought: 2-7 years
concrete operational thought: 7-11 years
formal operational thought: 11+

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4
Q

about Piaget

A

before 8 months, children cnt understand objects out of sight still exist
innate relfelexs to sensoimotor schema
constructionist approach, domain general
conflict- disequilibruim
accommodation (modify schemas)- equilibrium
the balance scale problem: understanding contraption. used it to look at a childs underlying mental properties, ad used weights and a sea saw and by their answer could see whether they considered weight./disntace/both

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5
Q

faults of Piaget

A

underestimated their abilities
stage model, are the stages that clear cut?
underestimates social world contribution
vague about cognitive processes that produce growth

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6
Q

what is vygotskys theory

A

mainly agreed with Piaget but gave more importance to the social world. learn through social scaffolding.
domain general, constructionist theory

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7
Q

faults of vygotsky

A

domain general so hard to explain uneven cognitive profiles/ deficiency in one area e.g. ASD

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8
Q

what are the two types of memoru

A

declarative (explicit recall. spilt in to semantic and episodic. semantic, stored as factual knowledge, episodic events can recall about our lives, autokineticn consciousness allowing you to know past and future)
Procedural: unconscious, implicit, skills abilities e.g. riding a bike, become automatic over time

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9
Q

when do memories begin to form

A

3.5 years approx

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10
Q

what did Fantz do?

A

looked at infants recognition memory (visual paired-comparison task, habituate infant to stimulus, when habituated show a novel one and infant will look at new one more. shown from 3 months

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11
Q

DeCasper and Fifer (1990)

A

pacific sucking method to assess recognition in 1-3 day old infants. infant would suck more for mothers voice

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12
Q

what is the stanford Binet test

A

IQ= mental age/physical age x 100

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13
Q

what is the drawbridge task?

A

impossible events is more similar to habituation. look at impossible event for longer from 3.5 months
shows they understand the physical world, occlusion, dimensions. from 4 years looked reliably longer

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14
Q

how old do infants have preference for mothers face

A

3 days

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15
Q

do new borns have a race preference?

A

not when born, by 3 months preference for own race

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16
Q

what is perceptual narrowing?

A

phoneme discrimination and face preferences become tuned by environment

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17
Q

kelly et al

A

tested 3, 6, 9 month olds causation, chinese… did visual paired comparison task and found if spend longer looking at new face it shows recognition for the old face. at start no cultural differences but are by end

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18
Q

what is configurational processing

A

look at distances between different features e.g. eyes, mouth…

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19
Q

what happened when monkeys weren’t exposed to faces for 6-24 months

A

still showed recognition of their own and other species faces, but accuracy becomes tuned with exposure

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20
Q

what should be seen as an extension of rough and tumble play

A

computer gaming

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21
Q

what is rough and tumble play good for

A

helps a person develop cognitively/ emotionally (build strength, anticipation, reading social cues, social competence)

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22
Q

how many children have difficulty communicating

A

1/6

more prone to bulling if lack social skills/emotional control

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23
Q

what happens in puberty

A

biological maturation and capability to reproduce, girls grow 6-7 inches, boys 9, 98% reach peak height here, starts 10-15
early maturing males have high self-esteem, opposite for females

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24
Q

what are two main neurological changes in puberty

A

faster transmission to prefrontal cortex (more myelin). improves executive function (attention, deciosn making, inhibition)
reduction in synapses so info is processed faster

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25
Q

what is grey matter involved in

A

muscle onctrol, sensory perception

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26
Q

what is white matter involved in

A

body temp, emotional expression, hormone release, transmission

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27
Q

how does cerebellum change in adolescence

A

last to stop growing

involved in mathematical thinking, humour, problem solving…

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28
Q

what is one-way assistance

A

age 6-8, friends ebhaviour pleases you, aware of likes/dislikes

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29
Q

what is momentary playmates

A

3-6, children convineant nearby, like to play with same toys

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30
Q

what are fair weather cooperation

A

9-12, reciprocal understanding, account for each others preferences, conflicts can end friendships

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31
Q

what is mutual concern stage?

A

11-15, can take visual perspectives of others , build bond over long time, concern and undrstqnding, shared values, and personality traits, can withstand conflict

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32
Q

what is identity achievement

A

post-exploration, committed to values/goals. sense of well-being from knowing who you are and where you’re going in life

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33
Q

what is identity moratorium?

A

a pattern but yet to make clear commitments, trying to find values/goals

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34
Q

what is identity foreclosure?

A

committed to value/goals without exploring alternatives. accept ready made identity chosen for them

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35
Q

what is identity fusion

A

lacking direction, not committed or seeking goals

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36
Q

what is hypodeductive reasoning?

A

solve problems using strategies, develop hypothesis to understand events

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37
Q

what is propositional though

A

can reevaluate real life examples in the mind e.g. which statements are true/false

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38
Q

what the the theory of psychosocial development?

A

Erikson argued life stages are characterised by a crisis needing resolving. earlier development is by environment, parents, schooling… as a teen might have an identity crisis and need to form own goals

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39
Q

how many people experience mental health issues

A

1/10

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40
Q

what is developmental neuropsychology?

A

assume modules are innate and modular, damage to one doesn’t break the whole system e.g. developmental disorders have specific impairments

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41
Q

what is the core knowledge theory

A

Spelke and Kinzer. born with 5 domain-specific core knowledge systems form early infancy, new skills built on these foundations

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42
Q

what is williams syndrome?

A

affects 1/7500 people. major signs are wide moth, prominent lips, short nose… deletetion of 26 genes on a chromosome. hypersistive, tendency to fixate on faces, smile frequently, anxiety, distractibility, hyperactivity, low IQ, visuospatial and numerical skills are impaired. social skills unimpaired, just visa spatial skills.

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43
Q

what does comparison between WS and SLI show?

A

double association: in WM language and vnsuo-spaital abilities seem to dissociate within a person

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44
Q

what is specific language impairment?

A

language abilities synificvantly lower than average, with non-verbal IQ at least 1 SD higher. frequently mislabel drawings, abnormally large no of ummms, processing takes longer. poor grammar/vocab

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45
Q

what is ASD?

A

a dyad of impairments: restricted, repetitive movements and social communication impairments, pragmatic language impairments, facial recognition impairments. partially functioning independently. but nothing is absolute.

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46
Q

what are the three types of facial processing

A

holistic/global/gestalt: recognising face as a whole
features/local/analyticial: recognition is driven by individual features e.g. eyes nose mouth…
configural: recognition is driven by the arrangement of features

47
Q

what did Karmiloff-Smith (1997) do?

A

suggested normal levels of performing might be through atypical strategies in Williams syndrome, use features processing rather than holistic. as when inversion effect happens little effect for WS patients as it disrupts conformational processing

48
Q

what is context appropriate?

A

adapting to what your listener knows, using appropriate language register

49
Q

what is pragmatic proficiency correlated with

A

peer popularity and ability to engage in collabarive based learning

50
Q

what are the main features of conversation skills

A

ability to initiate conversations (from 3.5 years can search for common ground)
understand comment on new elements in context e.g. if frog got put infront of train
turn taking (even babies make sounds)
from 4 can maintain a conversation

51
Q

what is discourse contingency?

A

ability to develop/expand partners previous comment

52
Q

what is self-contingent utterance

A

continue to follow own comment rather than partners senrtence

53
Q

what is conversation repair

A

from the age of a year, can repair utterances to let the listener understand

54
Q

what is speech act reject?

A

implying no without saying no

55
Q

what did Bucciarelli,Colle and Bara (2003) do?

A

showed children tape of stories, and showed 4 thought bubbles above the people and they had to choose what they were thinking. non inferences could understand 70% of the time at 3 years, 95% by 6. non inferences and irony couldn’t understand half of them until 6 years (70% understanding)

56
Q

what did O’Neil do?

A

learning to refer to expressions. 2 year olds asked parents to help retrieve a sticker. parents either saw/didnt see box it was inside, children could tell parents if they knew parents were unsure of box it was in

57
Q

what age can children be underinformative until

A

7/8 years

58
Q

what is a linguistic reference?

A

look from perspective of other person e.g. if they can see one/two

59
Q

what are socio-cognitive skills?

A

false belief precursers. understanding other people might have different desires.

60
Q

what are executive functions?

A

planning, considering consequences to actions, control, flexibility… mental-witching (between tasks), inhibitory control (suppress automatic responses)…

61
Q

what is social communication disorder?

A

?persistant difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication ( difficulty following rules story telling…)

62
Q

what are sociocultural theories of development

A

guided participation, social scaffolding, internalisation, zone of proximal development, micro-genetic method

63
Q

what is guided participation

A

view humans as different to other animals as motivation and tendency to teach their offsrping. child seen as an apprentice to learn from others

64
Q

what is social scaffolding

A

more competent people provide temporary frameworks leading to higher order thinking

65
Q

internalisation?

A

knowledge is socially constructed and gradually becomes internalised

66
Q

zone of proximal development?

A

actual development> ability when scaffolded

67
Q

what is the micro genetic method

A

child is observed over multiple sessions doing maths problems. tackling same type of problem allows to see development.

68
Q

what are information theories (1960s)

A

computer analogy, Seigler overlapping waves theory, microgenetic study

69
Q

what is the computer analogy?

A

computer is limited by its hardware (memory capacity) and its software (info known, strategies used). looks at processing capacity is mental capacity to process inf. box and arrow diagram: input-output-storage. serial vs parallel. operating space (mental energy needed to complete cognitive task), storage space (space needed to remember something whilst other cognitive processes are being carried out) . development is continuous.

70
Q

why does processing speed increase

A

as becomes more automatic processing space is freed upend due to myleynation

71
Q

what is seigler (1996) overlapping waves theory?

A

critiqued Piaget, said intra-individual variability (dont always perform your best), and also can develop faster in some domains than others- Piaget said same speed across all

72
Q

what did Sielger and Jenkins 1989 do in the microgentic study?

A

4/5 year olds. asked them to do addition over 11 weeks. used 6 different strategies such as short cut, sum-strategy… generalisation occurred gradually, use other strategies as a fallback (over-lapping wave theory). eventually work out most effective strategy. based on Vygotskys work. issues with practice effects

73
Q

what is the connectionist model?

A

network of neurons being analysed simultaneously. result of strengthening of a neural network, a unit is an analogue of neurons, unites are represented as circles and represented in layers to show layers of the brain. input units e.g. sensory neurons, output laure e.g. motor neurons. parallel processing, weighting/strength of connections are important and distrubtuiin is.

74
Q

what age do children have an idea of object permenance

A

9/10 months

75
Q

how di Fodor explain the brain

A

3 modules. Domain-Specific, encapsulated (works independantly), automatic (fast unconscious processing)

76
Q

what is Spelkes three principles?

A

cohesion, continuity and contact

77
Q

what is Baddleys (2000) influential model?

A

looks at functions of WM (central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visa-sketchpad)

78
Q

what is utilisation deficiency?

A

produce good strategies to help recall but doesn’t help them recall

79
Q

what did Siegler and Stern (1998) find

A

although could use a new strategy for maths, 90% of the second graders couldn’t report it

80
Q

can prenatal environment impair memory?

A

yes e.g. iron deficiency

81
Q

do younger children omit words/ provide false info

A

omit

82
Q

what is the Bayesian model?

A

connectionist model on development. children form hypothesis and estimate how likely it is to be correct e.g. 70% sure its a lion, 30% its a cat

83
Q

what is social referencing?

A

children are gullible will believe what you tell them. e.g. if visual cliff might not want to go over it but if mum smiles reassuringly will go (12 months old) if ambiguous object comes in child will look at others reactions if people are scared they will be too

84
Q

what is slope walking?

A

if slope looks too stew won’t do it, but if mum smiles reassuringly might try (18 months)

85
Q

from what age will they smile to get positive feedback

A

6 months

86
Q

what age can children know others might have different preferences?

A

16 months

87
Q

what are the different levels of perspective taking?

A

level 1: you and I see different things
level 2: you and I see the same things in different ways e.g. three mountains task. e.g. three year old fail but at 7 pass

88
Q

what is first order ToM

A

attributing beliefs, use false belief to teat (smarties sally anne task). generally pass about 4

89
Q

what is second order ToM

A

attributing beliefs about beliefs (allows jokes, sarcasm, deception…) appears about 7

90
Q

what is episodic future thinking?

A

can mentally make plans, facilitates behavioural flexibility, self-control and decision making, more flexible than EM

91
Q

what is acquired amnesia?

A

defects inEM and EFT, same with people in depression/schizophrenia, same underlying neurocognitve system

92
Q

theories relating episodic memory and future thinking?

A

constructive episodic stimulation (same cognitive processes involved in memory to imagine future experiences, can combine info to make representations, but past memory prone to errors). scene construction: (mental generation and maintaince of spatial navigation/locations). Self projection (the ability to shift between perspective (temporal/spatial/mental)

93
Q

when can children start talking in tenses?

A

2 years

94
Q

what did Bubsy and Suddendorf 2005 do?

A

3/4 year olds asked to say something did yesterday/doing tomorrow. parents high accuracy of childs responses, 4 year olds significantly more accurate in both tenses, both rely on same underlying process

95
Q

what did they find looking at delay of gratification?

A

offered small reward now/large later. to succeed need to show future oriented prudence. decision in present benefits the future. tend to pick smaller rear at 3 larger at 4

96
Q

Ouine 1960

A

looked at the induction problem, if someone said kuri, does it mean dog/its barking/ its ear…

97
Q

what do language nativists say?

A

innate word learning constraints. no of assumptions guides childrens acquisitions of word meanings

98
Q

what is the whole object assumption

A

idea new word will apply to whole object not part, tendency to map new words to objects rather than adjectives

99
Q

what is the mutually exclusive assumption?

A

object given a novel nameless category principle, given entry only has one name

100
Q

what is taxonomic assumption?

A

word refer to objects of the same type e.g. all dog but not lead

101
Q

what do interactionists say?

A

words are learnt using soico-cognitve mechanisms (intention reading, focus attention. syntax is intertwined with the lexicon

102
Q

what do linguist nativists do?

A

dual route, regular morphemes=grammar/syntax route, iregular morphemes rote learning. basic rules of syntax are innate, called universal grammar

103
Q

can two year olds understand basic sentences

A

yes with familiar verbs

104
Q

Gertner, Fisher and Eisengart (2006)

A

children 1 year 9 months heard sentence with novel verb and saw two actions simultaneously, they were more likely to look at the clip that matched the audio stimulus

105
Q

what age is mid-childhood

A

6- 11 years

106
Q

what is medical psychology (15th century)

A

aware children are vulnerable

107
Q

what is reformation (16th century)

A

children are born evil and must be civilaised

108
Q

when was society of research in child development established

A

1933

109
Q

what did Plato say?

A

knowledge is innate, need careful upbringing or rebellion

110
Q

what did Aristotle say?

A

all knowledge comes from experience

111
Q

Locke (1960)

A

tabula rasa, parents can mould children in any way they want (agree with Aristotle

112
Q

Rouseeau (1760)

A

noble savage, innocent children corrupted by society

113
Q

early developmental psychologu

A

Hall and Gesell (1890) genetics unfold automatically
Drawin (1870) baby biographies
Hall (1890) large scale norming studies
Freud and Erikson (1900): resolution of conflicts between biological drives
Watson (1920) behaviourist approach, behaviour and rewards
Piaget and Vygotsky (1930) cognitie stafges/zone of proximal development

114
Q

how old will children smile back

A

2 months

Developmenral (8 decks)

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