extra

Question 1

Munakata (1998)

Answer 1

abnormal cognitive function at biryth projects and becomes magnified throughout life. Connectionist model. (hakunatmaata opposite)

Question 2

• trust vs istrust

Answer 2

0-12 months . need to learn to trust ourselves and others. Complete this by receiving regular care/attention

Question 3

• autonomy vs shame:

Answer 3

: 1-3 years. Infants learn to control their actions eg when need to tolet, learn socieities norms/morals so can start restraining from poor decisions

Question 4

• intiative vs guilt

Answer 4

3-6 years competitiveness is introduced eg best friend, tallest. Play is goal oriented, want to try everything

Question 5

• Industry vs inferiory

Answer 5

inferiory 6-puberty: child taught necessary skills for independent living

Question 6

• Identity vs role confusion

Answer 6

: adolescence. Intende energy/drive. More permenant identity established

Question 7

• Intamcy vs isolation

Answer 7

young adulthood: teen to caught up in themselves so true intsmcy in early adulthood. If no confirmed identity not a stsifactory relationship

Question 8

• Generativity vs stagnation

Answer 8

middle adulthood. Focus on being caring and nurturing. Raising children so sacrifice own needs for others

Question 9

+/- of Eriksons psychosexual stages

Answer 9

• ☺ describes entire life span
• ☺ allows flexibility in/between stages
• ☹ domain specific but people develop at different speeds

Question 10

Lorenz

Answer 10

• influenced by Darwin
• patterns in animla behaviiour are instinctive
• newborns seek oroxmity after brth as its ciritcal period for improinting

Question 11

Bowlby:

Answer 11

• influenced by Lorenz
• influenced after birth on a caregiver who gives them their needs (food/warmth)
• critical period 6 months-3 years
• pre-attachment: birth-2 months no preference responsive to everyone
• early attachment:learn to distinguish mum fromothers, at 7 months smile more at mum…
• attachment: 8+. Separation and stranger anxiety, learns that mum will return
• partnership stage: from 4 years: learns others have needs to
• no evidence of impriniting starght after birth, bowlby says formed over much longer period of time eg some raised by grandparetns
• ☺ mary ainsworth supports

Question 12

Mary ainsworth:

Answer 12

• strange situation 2978
• compared europesns and African kids
• type a: insecure-avoidant: shows no signs of missing parent and ignores them on return
• type b: secure. Midly distressed when parent leaves and warm gretting upon return
• typr c: insecure ambivalent: distressed when mum leaves and cant be calmed by mum on return
• maternsl sensitivity hypothesis: more likely to grow up securely if mother is intune with emotions

Question 13

Kroonberg et al 1988

Answer 13

• ☹ in different countries different attachments look like Kroonberg et al (1988), England most securey attachement, Germany more insecure avoidants as raise children independent where as in Isral have more insecure resistants because brought up in a Kibbutz (communal living) so used to mother living and being left with stranger

Question 14

Skinner

Answer 14

• further Pavolv
• operant conditioning
• negative reinforce takes away something negative
• punishment causes negative behvaiour to stop
• extinction: pairing gone

Question 15

Bobo doll study 1963:

Answer 15

• ☹ only 10% imitated

Question 16

The roberstons:

Answer 16

• observed children aged 17 months- 2 years with separation for 10-27 days
• John was in a nursery for 9 days. Showed distress during stay and rejected mother uposn return with strong secure attschemnet before. Need a replacement caregiver to keep the same rotutine

Question 17

When does senses develop

Answer 17

• Touch at 8/9 weeks prenataaly
• Taste and smeel eg prenatally infant more likely to consume sweet substance
• Auditory system from 20 weeks, eg responds to loud sounds
• Infant shows habituation learning in the eomrn
• Caffeine might lead to high excitability and low birth weight
• Newborsn have 1/6 of adult synapses, by 12 months have double amount of adult syndapses
• Myelination occurs from spinal cord-forebrain

Question 18

whats is better method tan preferential looking

Answer 18

wVisually provoked potentials is a more sensitive test that preferential looking. It is measuring the electrical signal at the scalp of the occipital cortex in reponse to light

Question 19

about visual cliff

Answer 19

Infants can see middle to long wavelengths: cant see blue

Keep crawling at a visual cliff at 2 months, 7 months stpp in distress

Question 20

what age do see object as whole

Answer 20

8 months, 6 months exists out of sight (more gamma rays looking at where object is)

Question 21

Until 12-16 months can discriminate between sounds from different languages

Answer 21

a

Question 22

what age can solve problems using previous knowledge

Answer 22

1 year

Question 23

preganant women read same text twice a day in last 3 weeks pregnancy. At 2/3 days old measured this text vs new text with non-nutritive sucking method. Infants changed suck rate on familiar, shows can encode complex verbal info

Answer 23

DeCasper and Spenser 1986

Question 24

develop scripts form

Answer 24

3 months

Question 25

) fMRIS show encoding in kids vs adults brain is diofferent. Adults encode in MTL and PFC kids only encode in left PFC. Adult like encoding age 10

Answer 25

Chik et al (2006

Question 26

Goleman s

Answer 26

Goleman suggested emotional inteellgience was better predicter of intelligence

Question 27

Sternberg triadic theory of intelligence

Answer 27

(creative, analysitcal, pratical)

Question 28

found only 40-60% of people use formal logic, showing others fail the intelligence tests

Answer 28

Keating (1980)

Question 29

Girls are beterr at reading emoitons from

Answer 29

3/4 months

Question 30

• Bayesian computational model

Answer 30

: they are connectivist models on development. Children form probability representations of their hypothesis being correct, e.g. 70% sure it’s a lion, 30% sure it’s a cat.

Question 31

children acquire a good deal of their verbal and nonverbal behavior by casual observation and imitation of adults and other children.ven a very young child who has not yet acquired a minimal repertoire from which to form new utterances may imitate a word quite well on an early try, with no attempt on the part of his parents to teach it to him.

Answer 31

Chomsky 1967

Question 32

) looking at a compyter program designed to teach ASD how to better recognise and predict emotions of others. Two groups of children with ASD, one used it for 10 30 minute sessions over two weeks. By using this made syuinficant reduction in errors in facial expressions. Tested before and after with recognisting emotions in ohotos, cartoons… experimental group improved significantly compared to control group. However not in real life-need to test this next

Answer 32

Sliver and Oakes (2001)

Question 33

Reduced activity in anterior MPFC in autism, but complex brain differences, can stimulate ASD by stimulating frontal area. E.g. Give slot more details on the horse when stimulation attend to smaller details

Answer 33

castellinet al do 2002:

Question 34

stated children learn these words through fast-mapping, by generating a hypothesis of an unfamiliar word’s meaning. Upon repetition of this word, children test their hypothesis to ensure they have the correct definition.

Answer 34

Kaminski, Call and Fisher (2004)

Question 35

adolescent males with high-functioning Austism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and 16 age and IQ matched typically developing control males completed a new sensitive test of facial emotion recogni- tion which uses dynamic stimuli of varying intensities of expressions of the six basic emotions . Participants with ASD were found to be less accurate at processing the basic emotional expressions of disgust, anger and surprise; disgust recognition was most impaired – at 100% intensity and lower levels, whereas recognition of surprise and anger were intact at 100% but impaired at lower levels of intensity. Delay in development to detect disgust in ASD.

Answer 35

Smith et al. (2009