Visual Defects

Question 1

Match:

• myopia
• hypermetropia
• long-sighted
• short-sighted

Answer 1

Myopia - short-sighted

Hypermetropia - long-sighted

Question 2

Does hypermetropia result in light being focused before or after the retina?

Answer 2

after the retina

Question 3

What lens is used to correct hypermetropia?

Answer 3

Convex (+ve)

Question 4

What lens is used to correct myopia?

Answer 4

Concave (-ve)

Question 5

What type of visual defect is at an increased risk of retinal detachment?

Answer 5

Myopia

Question 6

When viewing near things is the lens more relaxed or contracted?

Answer 6

Contract - fatter - contract the ciliary body

Question 7

What is the name for the increase in long-sightedness in adults as they age?

Why does this occur?

Answer 7

Presbyopia

Ciliary body doesn’t contract as well as used to -> unable to accommodate for close-up work

Question 8

Why does astigmatism occur?

What is astigmatism?

How is it corrected?

Answer 8

More oval lens -> 2 focal points

Distorted and blurred vision at any distance

Cylindrical lens

Question 9

What does long-sighted mean?

Answer 9

Can see things far away but not close up

Question 10

Is a negative lens a thick or thin lens?

Answer 10

Thick lens

Negative used to treat myopia -> need concave lens

Question 11

Define the following terms:

• Emmetropia
• Ametropia
• Anisometropia

Answer 11

Emmetropia - no refractive error
Ametropia - some refractive error (light either focused in front or behind retina)
Anisometropia - difference between refractive errors

Question 12

Match the following:
Myopia
Hypermetropia 
Closed angle glucoma
Open angled glucoma

Answer 12

Myopia - open angle glucoma

Hypermetropia - closed angle glucoma

Question 13

In manifest squints what can be noted about the corneal reflections?

Corneal reflections are carried out by shining a pen torch into patients eye

Answer 13

They will be asymmetrical

Question 14

What is a cover test?

What is it used for?

Answer 14

To find/confirm manifest squint

Cover eye and observe other eye - if got a squint uncovered eye will move to correct position e.g. exotropia squint would move inward to be more central

Question 15

Match the following names of squint to presentation:

• Exotropia
• Esotropia
• Hypertropia
• Hypotropia

Answer 15

Exotropia - outward
Esotropia - inward
Hypertropia - upward
Hypotropia - downward

Question 16

Horizontal double vision is associated with …tropia and …tropia.

Vertical double vision is associated with …tropia and …tropia

Answer 16

Horizontal = esotropia and exotropia
- problem with LR/MR

Vertical = hypertropia and hypotropia
- problem with SO, IO, SR, IR

Question 17

Where would a pathology be in a patient who is presenting with homologous hemianopia with macular sparing?

Answer 17

Occipital lobe - due to multiple blood supplies to macula

Question 18

A child with a suspected squint is tested using the cover test. The affected eye is covered and then the patch removed and the opposite eye is covered instead. The affected eye moved inward when uncovered. What kind of squint does this suggest?

Answer 18

Inward movement suggest it was outward when covered = EXOtropia

Question 19

Describe how the retinal reflex will appear in those with squints?

Answer 19

Off centre

Question 20

At what age are the neural pathways for the eye fully developed?

Answer 20

8 yo - treatment has to begin before this