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Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the retina that are important to know? (all part of the fundus)

Wee brief description too please xx

A

Optic disc

  • forms the ‘blind spot’
  • no photoreceptors
  • ONLY point of entry/exit for retinal arteries/veins

Macula

  • lateral to optic disc
  • greatest density of optic cones

Fovea

  • area of most acute vision
  • small depression in centre of macula
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2
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Superolaterally

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3
Q

What is the purpose of lacrimal fluid?

Where does lacrimal fluid drain into?

A

Provides the cornea with O2

Inferior lacrimal papilla + punctum (wee hole that lacrimal fluid drains into)

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4
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior segment of the eye?

A

Lens

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5
Q

Name the three layers of the eye from outermost to innermost?

A

Fibrous

Uvea

Retina

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6
Q

What is the name given for the area in which the iris meets the sclera?

A

Limbus

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7
Q

What artery supplies the majority of the eye?

What is it a branch of?

A

Ophthalmic artery

Internal carotid artery

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8
Q

What end artery supplies the retina?

How does it travel to the retina?

A

Central artery of the retina

Along with the central vein of the retina in the centre of the optic nerve (CN VII)

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9
Q

What are the 2 veins responsible for drainage of the eye?

Where do they lead back into?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein

Cavernous sinus

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10
Q

Where do the oculomotor muscles attach to?

What layer of the eye is this found in?

A

Sclera

Fibrous

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the choroid?

A

Provides nutrition and gas exchange

Absorb light

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12
Q

What part of the eye produces aqueous humour?

Where is this found?

What is the purpose of aqueous humour?

A

Ciliary process within the ciliary body

Thickened area anteriorly at same level as choroid
Alongside the lens

To nourish the lens and cornea

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13
Q

What is the name of the jelly-like substance that makes up 2/3rds of the eye?

What segment of the eye is it found in?

Give 3 functions of it

A

Vitreous humour (part of vitreous body)

Posterior segment

  • Scatters light
  • Hold retina in place
  • Support lens
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14
Q

Are the suspensory ligaments found in the anterior or posterior segment of the eye?

A

Posterior

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15
Q

Do the retinal arteries and veins lie anterior or posterior to the retina?

A

Anterior to retina

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16
Q

Describe the route of aqueous humour

A

Produced by ciliary process

Travels in posterior chamber to lens

Through the pupil into anterior chamber and nourishes the cornea

Drains through trabecular meshwork -> Canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus) at iridocorneal angle

17
Q

How do you remember the innervation of the extraocular muscles?

A

LR6
SO4
AO3

18
Q

What is the origin and insertion of all rectus muscles?

A

Origin - common tendinous ring

Insert - sclera

19
Q

What is the origin and insertion of all the oblique muscles?

A

Superior oblique - sphenoid bone

Inferior oblique - orbital plate of maxilla

Insert - sclera

20
Q

What is the extra ocular muscle that isn’t rectus or oblique?

What is the purpose of this muscle?

Where does it insert?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

Elevating upper eyelid

Superior eyelid

21
Q

Why is it important that the gaze of the eye and the plane of the muscle lineup when testing clinically?

A

Allows to isolate the muscle alone

22
Q

What muscle is tested when you get patient to:

  • Abduct (look out)
  • Adduct (look in)
A

Abduction - lateral rectus

Adduction - medial rectus

23
Q

How do you isolate:

  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
A

SR - look out and up

IR - look out and down

24
Q

What muscles are you testing when you get patient to:

  • “look in and up”
  • “look in and down”
A

Look in and up = inferior oblique

Look in and down = superior oblique

25
Q

Pure elevation and depression is when the eye looks directly up/down. What two muscles cancel out rotation in order to achieve pure:

  • elevation
  • depression
A

Pure elevation

  • SR
  • IO

Pure depression

  • IR
  • SO
26
Q

Where does the sympathetic innervation leave the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2

27
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation leading to head and neck synapse?

Describe the route from here to the orbit

A

Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Enter internal and external carotid nerves
Travel with internal and external carotid arteries
Travel with the ophthalmic artery as sympathetic axons into the orbit

28
Q

How does parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Via cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and via sacral spinal nerves

29
Q

What nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary body?

A

CN III

30
Q

Oculomotor nerve passes through the cavernous sinus. True or false?

A

True

31
Q

What bone does the orbital canal come through?

A

Sphenoid bone

32
Q

What muscle surrounds the orbit?

A

Orbicularis oculi

33
Q

What is the medical name for upper and lower eyelid?

A

Superior tarsus

Inferior tarsus

34
Q

What prevents spread of infection between superficial and deep parts of the orbit?

A

Orbital septum

35
Q

What ligament is found medial and lateral to the eye?

A

Medial palpebral ligament

Lateral palpebral ligament

36
Q

What is the name of the glands found in the eyelid?

A

Tarsal glands - Meibomian glands

37
Q

What layer of epithelium found in the eye is more superficial, pigmented epi or non-pigmented epi?

A

Pigmented epi

38
Q

Between the sclera and the conjunctiva what can be found?

A

A thin vascular sheet - episclera

Ophthalmology (18 decks)

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