Vision Continued

Question 1

axons from the … retina project to the same side of the brain

Answer 1

lateral

Question 2

in vertebrates, some or all of each optic nerve crosses the midline at the …. after crossing, its known as the optic tract

Answer 2

optic chiasm

Question 3

in humans, axons from the … retina cross to the opposite side of the brain

Answer 3

medial

Question 4

most axons of the optic tract terminate on cells in the … of the thalamus

axons of the LGN neurons terminate in the primary visual cortex, also called striate cortex of occipital cortex

Answer 4

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 5

visual cortical areas outside of V1 are called …

Answer 5

extrastriate cortex

Question 6

the … is the area that is visible without movement of the eye or head

Answer 6

visual field

Question 7

color is perceived by the visual system as we detect difference in the … within a certain range

Answer 7

wavelength of photons

Question 8

varies from dark to light

Answer 8

brightness

Question 9

varies throughout all colors

Answer 9

hue

Question 10

varies from full color to gray

Answer 10

saturation

Question 11

…of color perception: 3 different types of cones, each responds to specific, different part of the spectrum, each has separate pathway to brain and color recognized based on which receptors are activated

Answer 11

trichromatic hypothesis

Question 12

…of color perception: four unique hues, 3 opposed pairs of colors, 3 physiological processes with opposed positive and negative value are the basis of color vision

Answer 12

opponent-process hypothesis

Question 13

genes encoding photopigments are carried on X chromosome, bc females have 2 X chromosomes, they are able to compensate for the defective gene on one chromosome, males only have 1 x chromosome, so if that gene is defective they can’t make up for it

Answer 13

color blindness more common in males

Question 14

…or nearsightedness can be prevented or reduced

• develops if the eyeball grows too long, causing the eye to focus images in front of the retina
• environmental factors such as indoor lighting may be a cause, children who spend more time outdoors have lower rate of this

Answer 14

myopia

Question 15

misalignment of the eyes (lazy eye) can lead to … reduced visual acuity not caused by optical or retinal damage

• primary visual cortex suppresses info from one eye, and this eye becomes functionally blind
• in some cases eye muscles can be surgically adjusted to achieve better alignment
• if the weak eye is used regularly (cover good eye) vision can be preserved in both eyes

Answer 15

amblyopia

Question 16

is a visual impairment caused by damage to the retina

Answer 16

macular degeneration

Question 17

…macular degeneration is the most common and caused by atrophy of the retina and death of photoreceptors

Answer 17

dry

Question 18

…macular degeneration is more severe; here you have abnormal growth of blood vessels that leads to retinal detachment and/or death of photoreceptors

Answer 18

wet

Question 19

a process where interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors and produce contrast

Answer 19

lateral inhibition