Memory and Learning

Question 1

the process of acquiring new information

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

the ability to store and retrieve information, or the specific information stored in the brain

Answer 2

memory

Question 3

a severe memory impairment

Answer 3

amnesia

Question 4

… - loss of memories formed prior to the event (like trauma or surgery)

Answer 4

retrograde amnesia

Question 5

the inability to form memories after an event

Answer 5

anterograde amnesia

Question 6

memory deficit was caused by loss of the medial temporal lobe, including the ….

• surgical patients with similar surgery but an intact hippocampus showed no memory impairment

Answer 6

hippocampus

Question 7

… facts and info acquired through learning that can be stated or described; used to answer “what” questions
- things you know that you can tell others

Answer 7

declarative memory

Question 8

…shown by performance rather than recollection; used to answer “how” questions
- things you know that you can show by doing

Answer 8

non-declarative (procedural) memory

Question 9

H.M’s ability to improve on this task showed he still had …

Answer 9

procedural memory

• Henry could form this type of memory as when he learned the skill of mirror tracing

Question 10

that he couldn’t remember even doing it before showed he lacked …

Answer 10

declarative memory

• Henry Molaiosn was unable to form new d memories indicating that the hippocampus is needed to retain these memories

Question 11

a test of object recognition memory that requires monkeys to declare what they remember

• monkeys must identify what was not seen previously, after a range of delay times
• medial temporal lobe damage, similar to Henry’s, causes impairment on this task

Answer 11

delayed non-matching-to-sample task

Question 12

a degenerative disease of memory deficiency caused by damage to mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus, and frontal cortex due to lack of thiamine- seen in chronic alcoholism

Answer 12

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 13

patients… fill a gap in memory with a falsification

Answer 13

confabulate

Question 14

generalized declarative memory

Answer 14

semantic memory

Question 15

detailed autobiographical memory

Answer 15

episodic memory

Question 16

learning to perform a challenging task through repetition (e.g., the mirror-tracing task)

Answer 16

skill learning

Question 17

all kinds- sensorimotor, perceptual and cognitive- are impaired by damage to the … (sensorimotor skills also require the motor cortex and cerebellum)

Answer 17

basal ganglia

Question 18

a change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus

• function of the cortex - different types of priming are related to reduced activity in different cortical areas

Answer 18

priming

Question 19

the association between 2 stimuli, or between a stimulus and a response

Answer 19

associative learning

Question 20

in … (pavlovian conditioning) a neutral stimulus, repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a response, begins to elicit the response of the stimulus when alone

Answer 20

classical conditioning

Question 21

in … (operant conditioning) an association is made between a behavior (the instrumental response) and the consequences of the behavior (the reward)

• the subject must exhibit a specific behavior (like press a lever) to get reward

Answer 21

instrumental conditioning