Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Question 1

is a subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological changes

Answer 1

emotion

Question 2

fight or flight system; prepares the body for action

Answer 2

sympathetic

Question 3

prepares body to relax and recuperate

Answer 3

parasympathetic

Question 4

emotions cause the body to react

issue: different emotions evoke the same internal responses

Answer 4

folk psychology

Question 5

the emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes; emotions differ due to different physiological responses

issue: there is no distinctive autonomic pattern for each emotion

Answer 5

James-lange theory

Question 6

emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously

• the brain interprets the situation to decide on which emotion is appropriate and activates the autonomic NS to prepare the body
• this is probably closer to true but: they don’t always occur simultaneously

Answer 6

cannon-bard theory

Question 7

• emotional labels are attributed to nonspecific feelings of physiological arousal
• which emotion we feel depends on cognitive systems that assess the content of the current situation
• arousal + cognition create emotion

Answer 7

schachter’s theory

Question 8

the Schachter and Singer experiment showed that autonomic responses can … but it does not completely determine which emotion we experience; our cognitive analysis does that

Answer 8

intensify our emotions

Question 9

…suggested that expressions of emotions are universal among all people

• the similarity in facial expressions in human and nonhuman primate suggest a common ancestor
• nonhuman primate expressions including a play face, homologous to the human laugh

Answer 9

Darwin

Question 10

emotions act as motivational programs that evolved to coordinate responses to solve adaptive problems

Answer 10

why did facial expression of emotion evolve? How do they help individuals to survive and reproduce?

Question 11

a basic core set of emotions may underlie all feelings

…suggests 8 basic emotions in four pairs of opposites:

Answer 11

Plutchik

happiness/sadness
affection/disgust
anger/fear
expectation/surprise

Question 12

facial expressions are mediated by …

Answer 12

muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways

Question 13

• attach between points of facial skin

Answer 13

superficial facial muscles

Question 14

• attach to bone; produce larger movements, like chewing

Answer 14

deep facial muscles

Question 15

facial muscles are innervated by 2 cranial nerves:

Answer 15

the facial nerve (VII) and the motor branch of trigeminal nerve (V)

Question 16

the … suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood

Answer 16

facial feedback hypothesis

Question 17

each emotion involves different patterns of activation across a network of brain regions associated with emotion:

Answer 17

the limbic system

Question 18

• animals (including humans) will work to receive electrical stimulation to certain parts of their brain, as they produce pleasurable effects

Answer 18

brain self-stimulation

Question 19

most of the brain regions that produce this response are subcortical, concentrated in the …

Answer 19

medial forebrain bundle

Question 20

• important target for axons of medial forebrain bundle; major component of the reward circuit; release of dopamine here produces very pleasurable feelings

Answer 20

nucleus accumbens

Question 21

a sudden intense rage in dogs whose cortex has been removed, suggesting that the cortex inhibits rage

Answer 21

decorticate rage